Ukuhlunga okuncane (MF)
Ukunemba kokuhlunga kuphakathi kwama-microns angu-0.1 nama-50. Ukuhlunga okuncane kuhlanganisa izingxenye ezihlukene zesihlungi se-PP, izakhi zokuhlunga ikhabhoni ezicushiwe, izakhi zokuhlunga ze-ceramic, nokunye. Isusa izinto eziyingozi emanzini, njengama-microorganisms. Isici sokuhlunga ngokuvamile asikwazi ukugezeka futhi siyisihlungi sesikhathi esisodwa okufanele sishintshwe njalo.
①PP Ingqikithi kakotini: ngokuvamile isetshenziselwa kuphela ukuhlunga okumahhadlahhadla okunezidingo eziphansi ukuze kususwe izinhlayiya ezinkulu ezifana nenhlabathi nokugqwala emanzini.
②Ikhabhoni ecushiwe: Ingaqeda imibala ehlukene kanye nephunga emanzini, kodwa ayikwazi ukususa amagciwane emanzini, futhi umphumela wokukhipha inzika nokugqwala nawo mubi kakhulu.
③Isici sesihlungi se-Ceramic: Ukunemba okuncane kokuhlunga kungama-micron angu-0.1 kuphela, futhi izinga lokugeleza ngokuvamile lincane, okungelula ukulihlanza.
I-Ultra-filtration Membrane (UF)
Ulwelwesi lwesihlungi se-microporous lunobubanzi obulinganiselwe bembotshana obungama-microns angu-0.001-0.02 kanye namazinga angashintshi osayizi wezimbotshana. Ukuhlunga ulwelwesi lwe-Ultra-filtration kuyinqubo yokuhlunga ulwelwesi olusebenzisa ulwelwesi lwe-Ultra-filtration olunomehluko wengcindezi njengamandla okushayela. Iningi le-ultrafiltration membranes lakhiwe ngemicu ye-acetate noma izinto ze-polymer ezinezici ezifanayo. Kufanelekile ukuhlukaniswa nokugxila kwe-solutes ezixazululweni zokwelapha, futhi kuvame ukusetshenziselwa ukuhlukaniswa kwe-colloidal suspensions okunzima ukuqeda ukusebenzisa amanye amasu okuhlukanisa, futhi izizinda zayo zokusebenza zikhula ngokuqhubekayo.
I-Membrane ultrafiltration esekelwe kumehluko wengcindezi ihlukaniswa ngezinhlobo ezintathu: ukuhlunga ulwelwesi lwe-ultrafiltration, ukuhlunga ulwelwesi oluncane lwe-microporous, kanye nokuhlunga kwe-osmosis membrane. Ahlukaniswa ngosayizi wezinhlayiyana ezincane noma isisindo samangqamuzana ungqimba lwe-membrane olungase lugcinwe. Lapho ububanzi bosayizi wembotshana olinganiselwe wolwelwesi lusetshenziswa njengezinga elihlukanisayo, ulwelwesi lwe-microporous (MF) lunobubanzi obulinganiselwe bembotshana obungu-0.02-10 m, ulwelwesi lwe-ultra-filtration (UF) lunobubanzi obulinganiselwe bosayizi wembotshana obungu-0.001-0.02 m, kanti ulwelwesi oluhlanekezela lwe-osmosis (RO0000000000 m10 m100. Kunezinto ezimbalwa zokulawula izimbotshana, ezifana nolwelwesi olucwenga kakhulu olunobukhulu obuhlukahlukene bezimbotshana, futhi ukusatshalaliswa kosayizi wembotshana kungase kukhiqizwe ngokusekelwe ohlotsheni nokugxiliswa kwesixazululo, kanye nezimo zokuhwamuka nokujiya ngesikhathi sokukhiqizwa kolwelwesi.
Imephu ebonakalayo yokuhlunga kakhulu
I-Ultra-filtration membranes imvamisa iwulwelwesi oluhlukanisa i-polymer, nezinto ze-polymer ezisetshenziselwa ulwelwesi lwe-ultra-filtration ikakhulukazi oluhlanganisa okuphuma ku-cellulose, i-polysulfone, i-polyacrylonitrile, i-polyamide, ne-polycarbonate. I-Ultra-filtration membranes isetshenziswa kabanzi embonini yezemithi, yokudla, neyemvelo, futhi ingakhiwa ibe ulwelwesi oluyisicaba, ulwelwesi lwama-roll, ulwelwesi lwama-tubular, noma ulwelwesi lwefiber olungenalutho.
I-Ultra-filtration membrane yayingeyodwa yolwelwesi lokuqala lokuhlukanisa i-polymer olwasungulwa, futhi imishini yokuhlunga kakhulu yenziwa ngeminyaka yawo-1960. Ulwelwesi lwe-Ultrafiltration lusetshenziswa kabanzi embonini futhi luye lwavela njengomsebenzi omusha weyunithi yamakhemikhali. Isetshenziswa ekuhlukaniseni, ekugxiliseni nasekuhlanzeni imikhiqizo yebhayoloji, izimpahla zemithi, nezinto zokudla, kanye nemishini yokwelapha ebulalayo ekwelapheni igazi, ekuhlanzeni amanzi angcolile, nasekulungiseni amanzi e-ultrapur.
Ukunemba kokuhlunga kwe-nanofiltration (NF) kuphakathi kwalokho kwe-ultrafiltration kanye nalokho kwe-osmosis ehlehlayo, futhi izinga lokukhipha usawoti emanzini liphansi kunalelo le-osmosis ehlehlayo. Emakethe, kwakukhona isisho esandile: i-nanofiltration is sloppy reverse osmosis. Empeleni, lona umqondo wezobuchwepheshe okhohlisayo.
Imephu ebonakalayo ye-nanofiltration
Emcabangweni wangempela wokuhlukanisa, i-nanofiltration iwulwelwesi lwesihlungi elenelisa umphumela we-Daunan futhi linokwenqatshwa kwe-ion ekhethiwe, ulwelwesi olukwazi ukufinyeleleka kwe-sodium chloride lulingana nokuhlushwa kwe-sodium chloride futhi lungaphezu kuka-0.4. Izicelo zayo eziyinhloko wukukhipha usawoti emanzini kanye nokugcwala koketshezi oluhlukahlukene lokufakwayo. Ukwenqatshwa okungu-0% kwe-NaCl okubonwe kusetshenziswa ulwelwesi lwe-nanofiltration ku-30,000 ppm NaCl kuhlanganiswe namanye ama-ion.
I-Reverse Osmosis (RO): Ukunemba kokuhlunga kuzungeze ama-microns angu-0.0001, futhi kuyindlela yokuhlukanisa ulwelwesi olunembe kakhulu olwakhiwa e-United States ekuqaleni kwawo-1960 isebenzisa ingcindezi ehlukile. Ingakwazi ukuhlunga cishe zonke izinto ezingcolile (zombili eziyingozi neziwusizo) emanzini, ishiye ama-molecule amanzi. Ezimweni eziningi, isetshenziswa ekukhiqizeni amanzi ahlanzekile, amanzi asezimbonini, kanye namanzi ahlanzekile ezokwelapha. Ukucindezela namandla kuyadingeka kubuchwepheshe be-osmosis ehlehlayo.
I-RO isifinyezo se-Reverse Osmosis membrane ngesiNgisi. Njengoba ubukhulu bembotshana ye-RO membrane buyizigidi ezinhlanu zezinwele (0.0001 microns), ngokuvamile azibonakali ngeso lenyama, futhi amabhaktheriya nama-virus angu-5000 Ngakho-ke, ama-molecule wamanzi kuphela kanye nama-ion amaminerali anenzuzo emzimbeni womuntu angadlula, futhi okunye ukungcola nezinsimbi ezinzima zikhishwa epayipini lamanzi angcolile.
Umgomo we-Reverse Osmosis:
Okokuqala futhi okubaluleke kakhulu, kufanele siqonde umqondo we "osmosis." I-Osmosis yinqubo engokomzimba. Lapho izinhlobo ezimbili zamanzi ezinosawoti abahlukene zihlukaniswa, njengesivimbelo esingafinyeleli kancane, amanzi asohlangothini anosawoti omncane azotholakala egcwele. Ulwelwesi lungena emanzini lunosawoti omningi, kodwa usawoti awungeni, okwenza usawoti ezinhlangothini zombili ukuthi uhlangane kancane kancane uze ulingane. Nokho, kuthatha isikhathi eside ukuqeda le nqubo, eyaziwa nangokuthi ingcindezi ye-osmotic.
Hlehlisa imephu ebonakalayo ye-osmosis
Kodwa-ke, uma uzama ukufaka ingcindezi ohlangothini lwamanzi ngosawoti omningi, umphumela ungase futhi ukhawulele ukungena okukhulunywe ngakho ngenhla, futhi le ngcindezi yaziwa ngokuthi i-osmotic pressure. Uma ukucindezela kuphakanyiswa, ukungena kungashintshwa, futhi usawoti uzohlala. Ngenxa yalokho, umgomo we-reverse osmosis desalination uwukusebenzisa ingcindezi enkulu kunomfutho we-osmotic wemvelo emanzini anosawoti (njengamanzi aluhlaza), ukuze i-osmosis iqhubekele kwelinye icala, futhi ama-molecule amanzi emanzini aluhlaza acindezelwa ngakolunye uhlangothi lwe-membrane, okuholela emanzini ahlanzekile, ukuze kuzuzwe umgomo wokukhipha ukungcola nosawoti.
Umsuka we-RO reverse osmosis:
Usosayensi waseMelika, owatholwa ngengozi ngo-1950 ukuthi ama-seagull amunca amanzi olwandle amaningi emlonyeni lapho endiza olwandle. Bahlanza amanzi olwandle agcwele emlonyeni ngemva kwemizuzwana embalwa, okwadala ukukhathazeka ngoba izilwane ezisemhlabeni ziphefumula ngamaphaphu. Amanzi anosawoti omningi awanakudliwa. Ngemva kokuhlukaniswa, kwatholakala ukuthi umzimba we-seagull unongqimba oluncane. Ifilimu inembile ngempela. I-seagull ihogela amanzi anosawoti, abese ecindezelwa, futhi ama-molecule amanzi adlula ifilimu ngenxa yomphumela wokucindezela.
Iphendulwa amanzi ahlanzekile, futhi ukungcola nosawoti ogxile kakhulu emanzini olwandle kuyakhafulwa ngomlomo. Lokhu ukusekela kwethiyori okuyisisekelo kwenqubo ye-osmosis ehlehlayo, eyaqala ukusetshenziswa emishinini yokukhipha usawoti emanzini ngo-1953 yiNyuvesi yaseFlorida. UDkt.S.Sidney Lode, uprofesa we-UCLA University School of Medicine, wabambisana noDkt.S.Soirirajan ukuze baqale ucwaningo ngolwelwesi lwe-osmosis ehlehlayo ngo-2009, ngokusekelwa iphrojekthi kahulumeni wobumbano wase-US, futhi watshala cishe amaRandi ayizigidi ezingu-400 ngonyaka ocwaningweni ukuze asetshenziswe kosomkhathi.
Isikhathi sokuthumela: Mar-31-2022