Sefa yaying'ono (MF)
Kusefa kolondola kumakhala pakati pa 0.1 ndi 50 microns. Sefa yaying'ono imaphatikizapo zinthu zosefera za PP, zinthu zosefera za kaboni, zosefera za ceramic, ndi zina zotero. Amachotsa zinthu zoopsa m'madzi, monga tizilombo toyambitsa matenda. Zosefera nthawi zambiri sizitha kuchapa ndipo zimakhala zosefera kamodzi zomwe zimafunika kusinthidwa pafupipafupi.
①PP thonje pachimake: Nthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito kusefera kolimba ndi zofunika zochepa kuchotsa tinthu tating'onoting'ono monga dothi ndi dzimbiri m'madzi.
②Activated carbon: Imatha kuthetsa mitundu yosiyanasiyana ndi fungo lamadzi m'madzi, koma sichingachotse mabakiteriya m'madzi, komanso kuchotsa zinyalala ndi dzimbiri ndizovuta kwambiri.
③ Ceramic fyuluta: Zosefera zazing'ono zimangokhala 0.1 micron, ndipo kuthamanga kwake kumakhala kochepa, komwe sikophweka kuyeretsa.
Membrane yosefera kwambiri (UF)
Kakhungu kakang'ono kasefa kakang'ono kamakhala ndi kukula kwa pore kwa ma microns 0.001-0.02 ndi miyezo yofananira ya kukula kwa pore. Kusefera kwa membrane wa Ultra-sefa ndi njira yosefera ya nembanemba yomwe imagwiritsa ntchito nembanemba yosefera ya Ultra-yokhala ndi kusiyana kwamphamvu ngati mphamvu yoyendetsera. Mitundu yambiri ya ultrafiltration imapangidwa ndi ulusi wa acetate kapena zida za polima zomwe zili ndi mawonekedwe ofanana. Ndikoyenera kupatukana ndi kusakaniza kwa solutes muzothetsera mankhwala, komanso amagwiritsidwanso ntchito nthawi zambiri kulekanitsa kuyimitsidwa kwa colloidal komwe kumakhala kovuta kumaliza pogwiritsa ntchito njira zina zolekanitsa, ndipo madera ake ogwiritsira ntchito akukula mosalekeza.
Ma membrane ultrafiltration kutengera kusiyana kwa kuthamanga amagawidwa m'mitundu itatu: kusefera kwa membrane wa ultrafiltration, kusefera kwa membrane wa microporous, ndi kusefera kwa membrane wa osmosis. Iwo amasiyanitsidwa ndi ting'onoting'ono tinthu kukula kapena molekyulu kulemera kuti nembanemba wosanjikiza kukhalabe. Pamene oveteredwa pore kukula kwa nembanemba ntchito monga muyezo kusiyanitsa, microporous nembanemba (MF) ndi ovotera pore kukula osiyanasiyana 0.02-10 m, kopitilira muyeso kusefera nembanemba (UF) ali ovotera pore osiyanasiyana 0.001-0.02 m, ndi n'zosiyana osmosis nembanemba (RO00000 m10 m10. Pali zinthu zingapo zowongolera pores, monga ma nembanemba osefera kwambiri okhala ndi kukula kosiyanasiyana kwa pore, ndipo kugawa kwa ma pore kumatha kupangidwa kutengera mtundu ndi kuchuluka kwa yankho, komanso ma evaporation ndi ma coagulation panthawi yopanga nembanemba.
Mapu akusefa kwambiri
Ma nembanemba a Ultra-sefera nthawi zambiri amakhala ma nembanemba olekanitsa ma polima, okhala ndi zida zopangira polima zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga ma ultra-sefera ambiri omwe amakhala ndi zotumphukira za cellulose, polysulfone, polyacrylonitrile, polyamide, ndi polycarbonate. Ma nembanemba a Ultra-sefa amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'mafakitale azamankhwala, zakudya, komanso zachilengedwe, ndipo amatha kupangidwa kukhala ma nembanemba athyathyathya, ma nembanemba opukutira, ma tubular membrane, kapena ma nembanemba opanda ulusi.
Nembanemba yosefera kwambiri inali imodzi mwama membrane oyamba olekanitsa ma polima omwe adapangidwa, ndipo makina osefa kwambiri adapangidwa m'ma 1960. Ma nembanemba a Ultrafiltration amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'mafakitale ndipo adatuluka ngati ntchito yatsopano yamagawo. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito pakulekanitsa, kuyika, ndi kuyeretsa zinthu zamoyo, katundu wamankhwala, ndi zakudya, komanso zida zochizira matenda ochizira magazi, kuyeretsa madzi otayira, komanso kukonza madzi a ultrapure.
Kusefedwa kwabwino kwa nanofiltration (NF) kuli pakati pa ultrafiltration ndi reverse osmosis, ndipo mlingo wa desalination ndi wotsika kuposa wa reverse osmosis. Pamsika, panali mawu ofala akuti: nanofiltration ndi sloppy reverse osmosis. Kwenikweni, ili ndi lingaliro lachinyengo laukadaulo.
Mapu akuthupi a nanofiltration
M'malingaliro enieni olekanitsa, nanofiltration ndi nembanemba ya fyuluta yomwe imakwaniritsa zotsatira za Daunan ndipo ili ndi kukana kwa ion, nembanemba yomwe sodium chloride permeability imakhala yofanana ndi ndende ya sodium chloride ndipo imaposa 0,4. Ntchito zake zazikulu ndikuchotsa mchere komanso kuchuluka kwa zakumwa zosiyanasiyana. 0% Kukanidwa kwa NaCl kumawonedwa pogwiritsa ntchito nanofiltration nembanemba pa 30,000 ppm NaCl kuphatikiza ma ion ena.
Reverse Osmosis (RO): Kulondola kwa kusefera kuli pafupifupi ma microns 0.0001, ndipo ndi njira yolekanitsa ya membrane yokhazikika kwambiri yomwe idapangidwa ku United States koyambirira kwa 1960s pogwiritsa ntchito kukakamiza kosiyana. Imatha kusefa pafupifupi zowononga zonse (zowopsa komanso zothandiza) m'madzi, ndikusiya mamolekyu amadzi okha. Nthawi zambiri, amagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga madzi oyera, madzi am'mafakitale a ultrapure, ndi madzi a ultrapure azachipatala. Pressurization ndi mphamvu ndizofunikira paukadaulo wa reverse osmosis.
RO ndi chidule cha nembanemba ya Reverse Osmosis mu Chingerezi. Popeza kukula kwa pore kwa RO nembanemba ndi mamiliyoni asanu a tsitsi (0.0001 microns), nthawi zambiri sawoneka ndi maso, ndipo mabakiteriya ndi mavairasi ndi ake 5000 Choncho, mamolekyu amadzi okha ndi ma ion ena amchere omwe ali opindulitsa kwa thupi la munthu amatha kudutsa, ndipo zonyansa zina ndi zitsulo zolemera zimatulutsidwa mu chitoliro chamadzi otayira.
Mfundo ya reverse osmosis:
Choyamba, tiyenera kumvetsetsa lingaliro la "osmosis". Osmosis ndi njira yakuthupi. Pamene mitundu iwiri ya madzi okhala ndi mchere wosiyana alekanitsidwa, monga chotchinga chotchinga pang’ono, madzi amene ali m’mbali mwake okhala ndi mchere wochepa adzapezeka kuti amalowa. Nembanembayo imalowa m'madzi ndi mchere wambiri, koma mcherewo sumalowa, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti mcherewo ukhale mbali zonse ziwiri pang'onopang'ono mpaka ufanane. Komabe, zimatenga nthawi yayitali kuti amalize njirayi, yomwe imadziwikanso kuti osmotic pressure.
Sinthani mapu akuthupi a osmosis
Komabe, ngati muyesa kukakamiza mbali yamadzi yokhala ndi mchere wambiri, zotsatira zake zitha kuchepetsa kulowa komwe kwatchulidwa pamwambapa, ndipo kupanikizika kumeneku kumadziwika kuti kupanikizika kwa osmotic. Ngati kupanikizika kumakwezedwa, kulowetsedwako kungathe kusinthidwa, ndipo mchere umakhalabe. Chotsatira chake, mfundo ya reverse osmosis desalination ndiyo kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu yaikulu kuposa mphamvu ya osmotic m'madzi amchere (monga madzi aiwisi), kotero kuti osmosis imapitirira mbali ina, ndi mamolekyu amadzi m'madzi osaphika amakankhidwira mbali ina ya nembanemba, zomwe zimapangitsa madzi oyera, kuti akwaniritse cholinga chochotsa zonyansa ndi mchere.
Chiyambi cha RO reverse osmosis:
Wasayansi wina wa ku America, wopezedwa mwangozi mu 1950 kuti mbalamezi zinayamwa madzi a m’nyanja odzaza m’kamwa mwa nyanja pamene zikuuluka panyanja. Patapita masekondi angapo, anasanza madzi a m’nyanja odzaza pang’ono, zomwe zinadzetsa nkhawa chifukwa nyama za pamtunda zimapuma kudzera m’mapapu awo. Madzi amchere amchere sangamwe. Atatha kung’ambika, anapeza kuti thupi la nkhonozi lili ndi kagawo kakang’ono. Kanemayo ndi ndendende. Mphepete mwa nyanja imatulutsa madzi amchere, omwe pambuyo pake amapanikizidwa, ndipo mamolekyu amadzi amadutsa mufilimuyo chifukwa cha kupanikizika.
Amasinthidwa kukhala madzi abwino, ndipo zowononga ndi mchere wochuluka kwambiri m'madzi a m'nyanja zimalavulidwa m'kamwa. Izi ndiye maziko a chiphunzitso cha reverse osmosis process, yomwe idagwiritsidwa ntchito koyamba pazida zochotsa mchere mu 1953 ndi University of Florida. Dr.S.Sidney Lode, pulofesa wa UCLA University School of Medicine, adagwirizana ndi Dr.S.Soirirajan kuti ayambe kufufuza za reverse osmosis nembanemba mu 2009, mothandizidwa ndi pulojekiti ya boma la US, ndipo adayika ndalama zokwana $400 miliyoni za US pachaka pofufuza kuti azigwiritsa ntchito kwa openda zakuthambo.
Nthawi yotumiza: Mar-31-2022