Reverse osmosis (RO) ndiukadaulo wolekanitsa wa membrane womwe umatha kuchotsa mchere ndi zinthu zina zosungunuka m'madzi pogwiritsa ntchito kukakamiza. RO yakhala ikugwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pochotsa madzi am'nyanja, kuchotsa mchere wamadzi amchere, kuyeretsa madzi akumwa ndikugwiritsanso ntchito madzi oyipa.
Nkhani Kumbuyo kwa Reverse Osmosis Membrane
Kodi munayamba mwadzifunsapo momwe nembanemba ya reverse osmosis imagwirira ntchito? Kodi chingasefe bwanji mchere ndi zonyansa zina m'madzi, kuwapanga kukhala abwino ndi aukhondo kumwa? Nkhani yochititsa chidwi imeneyi ndi yochititsa chidwi kwambiri, ndipo imakhudzanso mbalame zina zochititsa chidwi.
Zonsezi zinayamba m’zaka za m’ma 1950, pamene wasayansi wina dzina lake Sidney Loeb ankagwira ntchito ku yunivesite ya California, ku Los Angeles. Anali ndi chidwi chophunzira za kayendedwe ka madzi kamene kamadutsa m'kati mwa nembanemba yokhoza kutha pang'onopang'ono kuchoka kudera lomwe lili ndi madzi otsika kwambiri kupita kudera la madzi osungunuka kwambiri. Ankafuna kupeza njira yosinthira njirayi, ndikupangitsa kuti madzi asunthike kuchoka pamtundu waukulu wa solute kupita kumalo otsika kwambiri, pogwiritsa ntchito mphamvu yakunja. Izi zikanamulola kuti achotse mchere m’madzi a m’nyanja, ndi kutulutsa madzi abwino oti anthu amwe.
Komabe, anakumana ndi vuto lalikulu: kupeza nembanemba yoyenera yomwe ingathe kupirira kupanikizika kwakukulu ndi kukana kuipitsidwa ndi mchere ndi zowononga zina. Anayesa zipangizo zosiyanasiyana, monga cellulose acetate ndi polyethylene, koma palibe chomwe chinagwira ntchito bwino. Iye anali pafupi kusiya, pamene iye anawona chinachake chachilendo.
Tsiku lina akuyenda m’mphepete mwa nyanja, ndipo anaona gulu la mbalamezi zikuuluka pamwamba pa nyanja. Iye anaona kuti akudumphira m’madzi n’kugwira nsomba, kenako n’kuwulukiranso kumtunda. Iye ankadabwa kuti angamwe bwanji madzi a m’nyanja popanda kudwala kapena kutaya madzi m’thupi. Anaganiza zofufuzanso mowonjezereka, ndipo anapeza kuti mbalamezi zili ndi chithokomiro chapadera pafupi ndi maso awo, chotchedwa salt gland. Chithokomirochi chimatulutsa mchere wochuluka m’mwazi wawo, kudzera m’mphuno mwawo, mwa njira ya mchere. Mwanjira iyi, amatha kusunga madzi bwino ndikupewa kupha mchere.
Kuyambira pamenepo, ukadaulo wa RO walowa munthawi yachitukuko chofulumira ndipo pang'onopang'ono ukupita kumalonda. Mu 1965, njira yoyamba yamalonda ya RO inamangidwa ku Coalinga, California, ikupanga magaloni 5000 a madzi patsiku. Mu 1967, Cadotte anapanga nembanemba yopangidwa ndi filimu yopyapyala pogwiritsa ntchito njira ya interfacial polymerization, yomwe imapangitsa kuti ma nembanemba a RO azitha kugwira bwino ntchito. Mu 1977, FilmTec Corporation idayamba kugulitsa zinthu zouma, zomwe zinali ndi nthawi yayitali yosungira komanso kuyenda kosavuta.
Masiku ano, ma nembanemba a RO amapezeka m'mitundu ndi makulidwe osiyanasiyana, kutengera mtundu wamadzi am'madzi komanso zofunikira pakugwiritsa ntchito. Nthawi zambiri, pali mitundu iwiri ikuluikulu ya nembanemba za RO: spiral-wound ndi hollow-fiber. Zilonda za mabala ozungulira amapangidwa ndi mapepala athyathyathya ozunguliridwa mozungulira chubu cha perforated, kupanga cylindrical element. Ma nembanemba a ulusi wopanda pake amapangidwa ndi machubu oonda okhala ndi zibowo zapakati, kupanga mtolo. Mikanda ya mabala ozungulira imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pochotsa madzi a m'nyanja ndi m'madzi amchere, pomwe ma nembanemba a hollow-fiber ndi oyenera kugwiritsa ntchito mopanda kupanikizika kwambiri monga kuyeretsa madzi akumwa.
Kusankha nembanemba yoyenera ya RO pakugwiritsa ntchito kwina, zinthu zingapo ziyenera kuganiziridwa, monga:
- Kukana mchere: Kuchuluka kwa mchere womwe umachotsedwa ndi nembanemba. Kukana mchere wambiri kumatanthauza madzi abwino kwambiri.
- Kuthamanga kwa madzi: Kuchuluka kwa madzi omwe amadutsa nembanemba pagawo lililonse ndi nthawi. Kuthamanga kwamadzi kwapamwamba kumatanthauza zokolola zambiri komanso kuchepa kwa mphamvu zamagetsi.
- Kukana kusokoneza: Kutha kwa nembanemba kukana kuipitsidwa ndi zinthu zakuthupi, ma colloid, tizilombo tating'onoting'ono ndi machulukidwe amchere. Kukana kwapamwamba kwambiri kumatanthauza moyo wautali wa membrane komanso kutsika mtengo wokonza.
- Kuthamanga kwa ntchito: Kuthamanga kumafunika kuyendetsa madzi kupyola mu membrane. Kutsika kwapang'onopang'ono kumatanthauza kuchepa kwa mphamvu zamagetsi ndi mtengo wa zida.
PH yogwira ntchito: Mtundu wa pH womwe nembanemba imatha kupirira popanda kuwonongeka. Kuchulukitsa kwa pH kumatanthauza kusinthasintha komanso kuyanjana ndi magwero amadzi osiyanasiyana.
Mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya RO ikhoza kukhala ndi malonda osiyanasiyana pakati pa zinthuzi, choncho ndikofunika kufananitsa deta yawo yogwirira ntchito ndikusankha yoyenera kwambiri malinga ndi momwe ntchito ikugwiritsidwira ntchito.
Nthawi yotumiza: Nov-02-2023