Umthelela we-reverse osmosis membrane emthelela wokwelapha wezimfanelo ezahlukene zamanzi

Kuzinhlelo zokusebenza ze-osmosis (RO) ehlehlayo, ikhwalithi yamanzi okuphakelayo inomthelela oyinhloko ekusebenzeni kolwelwesi, isho ukuguquguquka, ukwenqatshwa kukasawoti, ukuthambekela okubi, ukusetshenziswa kwamandla, kanye nemvamisa yokuhlanza. Amanzi angaphezulu acebile nge-particle and natural organic matter (NOM) akhuthaza i-organic and biofouling, kanti imithombo yamanzi angaphansi komhlaba noma i-brackish ebonakala ngokuba lukhuni, i-silica, nama-ion ensimbi kubangela izinselele zokungcola nokukala. Usawoti omningi emanzini olwandle udinga izingcindezi eziphakeme zokusebenza ezikhulisa ukukala kanye nokwakheka kwe-biofilm . Ukungcola kwamanzi angcolile, agcwele izinto eziphilayo ezincibilikisiwe kanye nezinto ezingcolisa umoya, angakwazi ukungcolisa ulwelwesi ngokushesha, afune ukugezwa ngaphambi kwesikhathi kanye nemithetho yokuhlanza eqinile. Kuzo zonke lezi zimo, ukwelapha kusengaphambili okufanelana nawe, ukukhetha ulwelwesi oluhlakaniphile, nokulawula ukusebenza okuthuthukisiwe kubalulekile ukuze kugcinwe ukusebenza kahle kwe-RO nokuphila isikhathi eside.

Isingeniso
I-Reverse osmosis (RO) ihlukanisa amanzi kuzincibilikisiwe ezincibilikisiwe ngokufaka ingcindezi ye-hydraulic kulwelwesi olungafinyeleleki kalula. I-RO manje yenza ngaphezu kwama-65 % womthamo womhlaba wokukhipha usawoti emanzini, ogcizelela indima yawo eyinhloko ekuhlanzeni nasekusetshenzisweni kabusha kwamanzi. Kodwa-ke, ukusebenza kwe-membrane kuzwela kakhulu ezicini zamanzi okuphakelayo—umthwalo wezinto eziphilayo, ukwakheka kwe-ionic, i-particle, kanye nomsebenzi webhayoloji—konke okunganciphisa ukugeleza kwe-permeate, ukwenqatshwa kukasawoti okuphansi, kukhuphule ukusetshenziswa kwamandla, futhi kufinyeze impilo yesevisi ye-membrane.

Izinhlobo Zamanzi Okuphakelayo Nemithelela Yazo
Amanzi Angaphezulu
Imithombo engaphezulu (imifula, amachibi) ngokuvamile iqukethe amazinga aphezulu okuqinile okumisiwe, i-turbidity, kanye ne-NOM, okuholela ekungcoleni okusheshayo kolwelwesi kanye nokuvala komkhathi uma kungalungiswanga ngokwanele ngaphambili . Ukulungiswa okuncane kwamanzi angaphezulu kuyahluleka ukunzinzisa ukusebenza kwe-RO, njengoba izinhlayiya kanye nezinto eziphilayo zinqwabelana kulwelwesi oluphezulu, okubangela ukuhlukaniswa okugxilile kanye nokungcoliswa.

Amanzi angaphansi komhlaba / Amanzi Abrackish
Amanzi angaphansi komhlaba ane-brackish anosawoti nobulukhuni obumaphakathi, ehlisa umfutho we-osmotic uma kuqhathaniswa namanzi olwandle kodwa akhulisa izingozi ze-calcium carbonate nokukala kwe-silica . I-silica scaling, ikakhulukazi, kunzima ukuyivimbela ngama-antiscalants avamile, okudinga amasu okulawula akhethekile ukuze kulondolozwe ukuguquguquka nokugwema ukungcoliswa okungenakuhlehliswa.

Amanzi olwandle
Amanzi olwandle i-RO (SWRO) asebenza ngaphansi kwengcindezi ephezulu (imvamisa engu-55–80 bar) ukuze anqobe izingcindezi ze-osmotic ezingu-~25–30 bar, okwandisa isidingo samandla futhi kugcizelele ukucinana nokonakala kolwelwesi. I-Inorganic scaling (i-calcium sulfate, i-carbonate) kanye ne-biofouling kwandile futhi kudinga umthamo oqinile we-antiscalan, ukulawulwa kwe-biofilm, nokuhlanza njalo.

Amanzi Angcolile
Ukwelashwa kwe-RO kokulahlwa kwamanzi angcolile kamasipala noma ezimbonini kubhekana nenqwaba yezinto eziphilayo ezincibilikisiwe, izinto ezingcolisa umoya ezincane, nezibulala-magciwane ezisele, okuholela ekungcolisweni okukhulu kwe-organic kanye ne-biofouling . Amanzi angcolile e-WWTP asesibhedlela aphathwa ngolwelwesi lwe-polyamide RO abonisa ukuncipha okukhulu kwe-TDS ne-COD kodwa ahlupheka ngokuwohloka ngokushesha ngaphandle kokuhlunga kwe-preRO nezimo zokusebenza ezilawulwayo.

Imithelela Ekusebenzeni Kwe-Membrane
Izindlela Zokungcolisa
Ukungcoliswa ngokwemvelo kuvela ekukhangisweni kwezinhlanganisela ze-organic ze-lowmolecularweight (LMWOC) endaweni yolwelwesi kanye nangaphakathi kwezimbotshana, okuvimbela ukungena kwamanzi. Ukungcola kwe-inorganic kuhilela ukuna kosawoti oncibilika kancane (isb, i-calcium carbonate, i-sulfate) ebusweni bolwelwesi, okudala izikali eziqinile ezivimba izimbotshana futhi zilimaze ungqimba olusebenzayo. I-Biofouling, eqhutshwa ukunamathiselwe kwe-microbial kanye nokukhula kwe-biofilm, iphinde inciphise ukuguquguquka futhi ikhuthaze ukulinganiswa kwendawo.

Ukukala
I-calcium sulfate ne-carbonate scaling ngokuvamile kwenzeka lapho ubulukhuni ama-ion budlula imikhawulo yokuncibilika endaweni yolwelwesi, kusheshiswa ukuhlukaniswa okugxilile . I-silica, ekhona njengezinhlobo ze-colloidal noma ezincibilikisiwe, yenza amadiphozithi aqinile, aqinile amelana nama-antiscalants endabuko, ikakhulukazi kumasistimu e-RO amanzi anosawoti.

Ukukala kuma-spacers e-Reverse Osmosis Membrane

Permeate Flux kanye Ukwenqatshwa Usawoti
I-Permeate flux ikhuphuka ngokucindezela kwe-transmembrane kodwa i-plateaus ngenxa ye-polarization yokugxila kanye nemiphumela yokuhlangana. Izingcindezi eziphakeme zithuthukisa kancane ukwenqatshwa kukasawoti, nokho okungaphezu kobubanzi obufanele kunganciphisa ukwenqatshwa ngenxa yokwanda kokuphoqelelwa kwe-convective kwe-solutes ngokulimala kanye nezingqimba ezingcolile.

Ukusetshenziswa kwamandla kanye nengcindezi yokusebenza
Ukungcolisa kanye nokukala kuphakamisa ukumelana ne-hydraulic, kudinge izingcindezi eziphezulu zokuphakelayo ukuze kugcinwe ukuguquguquka, ngaleyo ndlela kukhula ukusetshenziswa kwamandla okukhethekile (SEC) kanye nezindleko zokusebenza. Imijikelezo yokuhlanza iba njalo, futhi yengeza ukusetshenziswa kwamakhemikhali kanye nesikhathi sokuphumula.

Amasu Okunciphisa
Ukwelashwa kwangaphambili
Ukwelashwa kusengaphambili okuphumelelayo—ukuhlanganisa, ukuhlunga kwemidiya, ukuhlunga kwe-ultrafiltration—kususa izinhlayiya kanye ne-NOM, kunqanda amandla okuhlambalaza nokuzinzisa ukusebenza kwe-RO. Ngamanzi angaphezulu, izihlungi zemidiya ekabili kanye ne-carbon adsorption ecushiwe kunciphisa ukulayishwa kwezinto eziphilayo futhi kuvikele amamojula e-RO angezansi.

Ukuhlanza kanye Antiscalants
Imithetho yokuhlanza ngokomzimba (ukugeza emuva, ukugeleza phambili) kanye namakhemikhali (ama-acids, ama-alkali, ama-oxidant) aqondise izinhlobo ezithile ezingcolile—izinto eziphilayo, ama-inorganics, ama-biofilms—ukubuyisela ukuguquguquka nokwenqatshwa. I-Antiscaant dosing, ukulungiswa kwe-pH, nama-antifoaming agents asiza ukuvimbela i-nucleation yesikali kanye nokwakheka kwe-biofilm.

Ukuguqulwa Kobuso Be-Membrane
Intuthuko yakamuva yokuxhunyelelwa kwendawo (isb., i-polyacrylic acid, i-grapheneoxide coatings) ikhiqize ulwelwesi olunendawo ebushelelezi, ene-hydrophilic, kanye neshajwayo elibi, okuthuthukisa ukumelana nokungcola kanye nokugcinwa kwe-flux.

Izifundo Zecala

• I-Brackish Water Desalination e-Tunisia: Isitshalo esiphelele sibonise ukusebenza okuzinzile kwesikhathi eside nokuhlanza ngezikhathi ezithile; ukungcoliswa kwezinhlamvu kwembule izendlalelo ezixubile ze-organic-inorganic ezidinga izindlela zokuhlanza ezenzelwe wena.
• Ukugaywa Kabusha Kwemfucumfucu Esibhedlela i-WWTP: Ulwelwesi lwe-Polyamide RO lwehlise i-TDS ukusuka ku-~1 500 mg/L kuya ku-90 %, kodwa i-permeate flux yehle ngo-25 % ezinsukwini ezingu-30 ngaphandle kokwelashwa kusengaphambili okuthuthukisiwe kanye nezilungiselelo zokucindezela ezithuthukisiwe.

Iziphetho
Ikhwalithi yamanzi okuphakelayo iyisici esibalulekile esilawula ukusebenza kolwelwesi lwe-RO. Amanzi angaphezulu adinga izinhlayiya eziqinile kanye nokususwa kwe-NOM; imithombo ye-brackish idinga i-silica kanye nokulawula ubulukhuni; ukuhlanzwa kwamanzi olwandle kufanele kulinganisele ukusebenza komfutho ophezulu kanye nokulawula ukukala; Ukungcola kwamanzi angcolile kudinga ukucocwa ngaphambi kwesikhathi kanye nokuhlanza ngendlela efanele. Ukuqanjwa kwezinto ezintsha zolwelwesi, amasu okwelapha kusengaphambili, kanye nokuqapha ukoniwa kwesikhathi sangempela kuyaqhubeka nokuthuthukisa ukuqina kwe-RO nokusebenza kahle kuzo zonke izimfanelo zamanzi ezahlukahlukene. Ukusetshenziswa okungaguquguquki kwalawa maqhinga kuqinisekisa ukusebenza okusimeme kwe-RO, ubude besikhathi sokuphila kwe-membrane, kanye nokukhiqizwa okuthembekile kwe-permeate yekhwalithi ephezulu.