I-RO Membrane iPhumelela njani i-99.9% yokwaliwa kweTyuwa?

I-membrane ye-osmosis ebuyela umva (i-RO membrane) isebenza kumgaqo ongundoqo wokuchasana nenkqubo ye-osmotic yendalo. Nalu uhlalutyo olunzulu lwendlela yokusebenza kwayo:

Ukuthelekisa okubonakalayo kwe-Natural Osmosis kunye ne-Reverse Osmosis

I-Natural Osmosis Phenomenon kuxa kukho ukuhlukana koxinzelelo kumacala omabini e-membrane e-semipermeable (njengamanzi ahlambulukileyo kunye namanzi etyuwa), iamolekyu zamanzi ziya kuhamba ngokuzenzekelayo ukusuka kwicala eliphantsi lokugxininiswa ukuya kwicala eliphezulu lokugxininiswa kude kube ukugxininiswa kumacala omabini. Kweli nqanaba, uxinzelelo oluveliswa ngumahluko wobude bomphezulu wolwelo luxinzelelo lwe-osmotic.

Uxinzelelo lwe-osmotic π yesisombululo se-dilute ngu: π = iCRT (apho i linani leeyoni eziveliswa yi-electrolysis yeemolekyuli ze-solute; C luxinzelelo lwemola yesolute; R yirhasi engaguqukiyo; T bubushushu obupheleleyo.)
Umzekelo, uxinzelelo lwe-osmotic lwamanzi olwandle luphezulu ukuya kuma-28 bar, lufuna uxinzelelo olukhulu lokubuyisela umva ukuhamba kwamanzi.

"I-High-Pressure Counter-Flow" ye-Reverse Osmosis isebenzisa uxinzelelo kwicala le-saline (>uxinzelelo lwe-osmotic) inyanzela iimolekyuli zamanzi ukuba zihambe zibuyele umva, zifezekise ukufuduka kwe-concentration gradient ukusuka "kumanzi anetyuwa→amanzi acocekileyo."

Ngexesha le-osmosis ebuyela umva, umyinge we-osmotic yesinyibilikisi, oko kukuthi, ukuhamba kolwelo amandla N, ngu: N=Kh(Δp-Δπ) (apho i-Kh ingumlinganiso woxinzelelo lwe-hydraulic, owonyuka kancinane ngeqondo lobushushu; Δp ngumahluko woxinzelelo omileyo ngapha kwenwebu; Δπ ngumahluko woxinzelelo lweosmotic ngapha kwenwebu).

Kweli nqanaba: Kwicala lamanzi acocekileyo: Ukuqokelela iimolekyuli zamanzi ezidlulayo (zityhutyha), Kwicala lamanzi axinanisiweyo: Ukugcina ityuwa, isinyithi esinzima, kunye nobunye ukungcola (concentrate).

Ukuchaneka okugqithisileyo koLwakhiwo lweMembrane

Ubume beSandwich:

Uluhlu lwenkxaso: Ilaphu elingalukiweyo (ubukhulu ≈ 120 μm) - "isakhelo sentsimbi" esimelana noxinzelelo oluphezulu.

I-Porous layer: Izinto zePolysulfone (ubungakanani bepore 0.01-0.1 μm) - "umgca wokuqala wokukhusela" othintela udaka, isanti kunye nomhlwa.

Umaleko osebenzayo: Ifilimu yePolyamide (ubukhulu ≈ 200 nm) - "usompempe we-molecular" oyinyaniso, kunye nobukhulu be-pore ye-0.1-1 nm kuphela (≈ kabini ubukhulu bama-molecule amanzi).

Idatha yothelekiso:

Ubungakanani bentsholongwane (0.02-0.3 μm) > Ubungakanani beMembrane pore amaxesha angama-3000.

Ubungakanani bebhaktheriya (0.5-5 μm) > Ubungakanani be-Membrane pore amaxesha angama-5000.

Ithiyori yemodeli yeClassical

• Isisombululo-Imodeli yokusabalalisa

I-Core Assumption: I-membrane iyisakhiwo esine-homogeneous ngaphandle kwama-pores, kwaye i-solute kunye ne-solvent idluliselwa ngokuchithwa kwi-membrane yezinto kunye nokusabalalisa.

Inkqubo yoThutho:

Ukutshatyalaliswa: Iamolekyu zamanzi kunye ne-solutes i-adsorb kwi-membrane surface kwaye ichithe kwizinto eziphathekayo ze-membrane;
Ukusasazwa: Ngaphantsi kwamandla okuqhubela phambili kweekhemikhali ezinokuthi zibe khona (umahluko woxinzelelo), iimolekyuli zamanzi zihamba ngokufanelekileyo kwi-membrane;

I-Desorption: Ikhutshwe njengamanzi acocekileyo kwelinye icala le-membrane.

Inkcazo yezibalo: Ukuhamba kwamanzi Jw = A(ΔP − Dp), apho u-A yi-coefficient yokuphumelela inwebu, DI-P yingcinezelo esetyenzisiweyo, kwaye Dp ngumahluko woxinzelelo lwe-osmotic.

• Imodeli yokuHamba ye-Adsorption-Capillary Flow

Ingcinga engundoqo: I-membrane ye-membrane ineendlela ze-nanoscale, ezikhethwa ngokukhethekileyo iimolekyuli zamanzi ukuba zenze i-monolayer "yamanzi abophekileyo," ngelixa i-solutes igxothwa.

Indlela yokuhambisa:

I-adsorption ekhethiweyo: Umphezulu we-membrane udibanisa ngokukhetha iimolekyuli zamanzi ngokusebenzisa iibhondi ze-hydrogen (umzekelo, i-carbonyl oxygen kwi-cellulose acetate);

Ukuthuthwa komjelo: Ngaphantsi koxinzelelo oluphezulu, amanzi abophekileyo adlula kwiitshaneli nge "hydrogen bond jumping," ngelixa i-solutes igcinwa ngenxa yokukhutshwa kobukhulu.

Ukusebenza:

Izinga lokwenqatshwa kwetyuwa: 98% -99.9% (TDS

Izinga lokususwa kwesinyithi esinzima:> 99.9% (inkokeli, i-arsenic, njl.).

Imiba ephambili enempembelelo

Uxinzelelo lokuSebenza
Kufuneka ibe > isisombululo soxinzelelo lwe-osmotic, ngokuqhelekileyo i-60-80 bar kwizicelo zemizi-mveliso (i-desalination), kunye ne-2-4 bar yokusetyenziswa ekhaya.

Ubushushu: 5-45 ℃ (ubushushu obuphezulu bubangela inwebu ukuguquka kwepore)

Uluhlu lwe-pH: 4-11 (i-polyamide membrane), i-5-6 (i-cellulose acetate membrane).

Uhlobo lwezinto ezingcolisayo

Ukukalwa kwe-Inorganic (umzekelo, iCaCO₃): Ifuna ukucocwa kwe-citric acid kwi-pH = 2

Ungcoliseko lwebhayoloji (umzekelo, iifilimu zebhaktiriya): Inyangwa ngesicoci se-DBNPA.

Iimeko zeSicelo kunye noKhetho loHlobo lweMembrane

Ukukhutshwa kwetyuwa emanzini olwandle I-Polyamide ehlanganisiweyo inwebu (TFC) Ukumelana noxinzelelo oluphezulu (＞I-60 bar), i-99% yezinga lokukhupha ityuwa

Ukucocwa kwamanzi asekhaya I-Spiral composite membrane Ukusebenza koxinzelelo oluphantsi (2-4 bar), ukonga amandla ngama-30%.

Amanzi acocekileyo e-Industrial (iitshiphusi ze-elektroniki) Uxinzelelo lwe-Ultra-low-low composite membrane Imveliso yokuxhathisa amanzi 18 MΩ·cm.