Yadda Reverse Osmosis ke Aiki: Tsarkake Ruwa Ta Cigaba Tace

1. Osmosis vs. Reverse Osmosis

- Osmosis na Halitta: A cikin yanayi, ruwa yana motsawa ta hanyar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar cuta (Fig. 1a). Wannan tsari mara amfani baya buƙatar kuzari.

(Shawarwari na gani: ɓangarorin biyu sun rabu da membrane; ruwa yana gudana zuwa gefen gishiri.)

- Reverse Osmosis: RO yana jujjuya wannan kwararar. Ta hanyar yin amfani da matsa lamba mafi girma fiye da matsa lamba na osmotic na halitta, ana tilasta ruwa daga babban matsayi ( gurɓatacce) gefen ƙananan hankali (tsabta), barin ƙazanta a baya (Fig. 1b).

(Shawarwari na gani: Matsi da aka shafi gefen gishiri; kwayoyin ruwa suna matsi ta cikin membrane yayin da gishiri / gurɓataccen abu ke toshe.)

2. Zuciyar RO: Membrane Semipermeable

RO membrane ne mai yawa, multilayered polymer (sau da yawa polyamide) tare da microscopic pores (~ 0.0001 microns). Waɗannan pores ƙananan isa su toshe:

- Narkar da gishiri (misali, Na⁺, Cl⁻)

- Karfe masu nauyi (misali gubar, arsenic)

- Bacteria, ƙwayoyin cuta, da kwayoyin halitta

Tsarin Membrane:

1. Layer Support: Yana ba da ƙarfin injina.
2. Layi mai kauri: Yana ba da damar wucewar ruwa.
3. Layer mai aiki: Takardun polyamide mai kauri mai kauri tare da pores masu girman nano don zaɓin tacewa.

3. Yadda Ake Cire Gurbacewar Ruwa

- Girman Girman: Manyan kwayoyin halitta (misali, gishiri, kwayoyin halitta) ba za su iya wucewa ta cikin ƙananan pores ba.

- Cajin Cajin: Ana cajin saman membrane ta hanyar lantarki, yana korar ions tare da caji iri ɗaya.

- Resistance Diffusion: An kama gurɓatattun abubuwa kuma ana zubar dasu azaman ruwan sharar gida.

4. Aikace-aikace na RO

- Desalination: Maimaita ruwan teku zuwa ruwa mai dadi.

- Tsarin Ruwan Sha: Cire ƙazanta daga famfun gida.

- Masana'antu: Pharmaceuticals, samar da abinci / abin sha, da kuma kula da ruwan sha.

5. Kalubale

- Amfanin Makamashi: Babban buƙatun matsin lamba yana ƙara amfani da makamashi.

- Lalacewar Membrane: Barbashi na iya toshe pores, suna buƙatar kulawa akai-akai.

Kammalawa

Reverse osmosis yana amfani da ci-gaban kimiyyar abu da kimiyyar lissafi don isar da ruwa mai tsafta. Ta hanyar fahimtar ka'idodin osmotic da ƙirar membrane, za mu iya inganta tsarin RO don dorewa mai dorewa a nan gaba.