Ta yaya Membrane RO Ya Cimma 99.9% Ƙin Gishiri?
Reverse osmosis membrane (RO membrane) yana aiki akan ainihin ka'idar magance tsarin osmotic na halitta. Anan akwai zurfin bincike akan tsarin aikinsa:
Kwatancen Jiki na Halitta Osmosis da Reverse Osmosis
Halitta Osmosis Phenomenon shine lokacin da akwai bambancin maida hankali a bangarorin biyu na membrane mai kama da juna (kamar ruwa mai dadi da ruwan gishiri), kwayoyin ruwa za su gudana ba tare da bata lokaci ba daga ƙananan maida hankali zuwa babban taro har sai an daidaita matakan da ke bangarorin biyu. A wannan lokaci, matsa lamba da aka haifar ta hanyar tsayin daka na ruwa na ruwa shine matsa lamba osmotic.
Matsin osmotic π na maganin dilute shine: π = iCRT (inda ni shine adadin ions da aka samar ta hanyar lantarki na kwayoyin solute; C shine ma'auni na molar na solute; R shine molar gas akai; T shine cikakken zafin jiki.)
Misali, matsa lamba osmotic na ruwan teku ya kai mashaya 28, yana buƙatar matsa lamba mai girma don juyar da kwararar ruwa.
"Babban Matsalolin Matsala-Flow" na Reverse Osmosis yana amfani da matsin lamba zuwa gefen saline (> matsa lamba osmotic) yana tilasta kwayoyin ruwa su gudana a baya, suna cimma ƙaurawar maida hankali daga "ruwa mai tsabta → ruwa mai tsabta."
A lokacin juyewar osmosis, ƙimar osmotic na sauran ƙarfi, watau makamashin kwararar ruwa N, shine: N = Kh (Δp-Δπ) (inda Kh shine madaidaicin ma'auni na hydraulic, wanda dan kadan ya karu da zazzabi; Δp shine bambancin matsa lamba a fadin membrane; Δπ shine bambancin matsa lamba osmotic a fadin membrane).
A wannan lokaci: A gefen ruwa mai tsabta: Tattara kwayoyin ruwa da ke wucewa (masu shiga), A gefen ruwa mai yawa: Rike gishiri, karafa mai nauyi, da sauran abubuwan da ba su da kyau (natsuwa).
Matsananciyar Madaidaicin Tsarin Membrane
Tsarin Sandwich:
Layer goyon baya: masana'anta ba saƙa (kauri ≈ 120 μm) - "ƙarfe firam" wanda ke tsayayya da babban matsin lamba.
Layi mai laushi: Polysulfone abu (girman pore 0.01-0.1 μm) - "layin kariya na farko" wanda ke hana laka, yashi, da tsatsa.
Layer mai aiki: Fim ɗin polyamide (kauri ≈ 200 nm) - ainihin "alkali na kwayoyin halitta," tare da girman pore kawai 0.1-1 nm (≈ sau biyu girman girman kwayoyin ruwa).
Bayanan kwatanta:
Diamita na ƙwayoyin cuta (0.02-0.3 μm)> Girman pore na Membrane sau 3000.
Girman ƙwayoyin cuta (0.5-5 μm)> Girman pore na Membrane sau 5000.
Ka'idar samfurin gargajiya
- Magani-Yawa Model
Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwaƙwalwa na Ƙaƙwalwa na Ƙaƙwalwa na Ƙaƙwalwa na Ƙaƙwalwa na Ƙaƙwalwa na Ƙaƙwalwa ) Ana canjawa ta hanyar rushewa a cikin kayan membrane da watsawa.
Tsarin watsawa:
Rushewa: Kwayoyin ruwa da solutes suna adsorb akan farfajiyar membrane kuma suna narkewa cikin kayan membrane;
Yaduwa: Ƙarƙashin ƙarfin ƙarfin sinadari mai yuwuwar gradient (bambancin matsa lamba), ƙwayoyin ruwa sun fi yaduwa ta cikin membrane;
Desorption: An sake shi azaman ruwa mai tsabta a wancan gefen membrane.
Maganar lissafi: Ruwan ruwa Jw = A (ΔP -Dp), inda A shine madaidaicin ma'auni na membrane, DP shine matsa lamba, kuma Dp shine bambancin matsa lamba osmotic.
- Preferential Adsorption-Model Flow Model
Mahimman zato: Fuskar membrane tana da tashoshi na nanoscale, waɗanda suka fi dacewa suna haɗa kwayoyin ruwa don samar da monolayer na "ruwa mai ɗaure," yayin da ake tunkuɗe solutes.
Tsarin watsawa:
Zaɓin adsorption: A membrane surface selectively adsorbs ruwa kwayoyin ta hanyar hydrogen bond (misali, carbonyl oxygen a cellulose acetate);
Tashar sufuri: Karkashin matsin lamba, ruwa mai ɗaure ya ratsa ta tashoshi ta hanyar "tsalle-tsalle na hydrogen," yayin da ake riƙe da solutes saboda girman keɓe.
Ayyuka:
Ƙimar kin gishiri: 98%-99.9% (TDS
Yawan cire ƙarfe mai nauyi:>99.9% (guba, arsenic, da sauransu).
Mabuɗin abubuwan da ke tasiri
Matsin Aiki
Dole ne ya zama> matsa lamba osmotic bayani, yawanci mashaya 60-80 don aikace-aikacen masana'antu (desalination), da mashaya 2-4 don amfanin gida.
Zazzabi: 5-45 ℃ (hawan zafin jiki yana haifar da nakasar ƙwayar cuta)
pH kewayon: 4-11 (polyamide membrane), 5-6 (cellulose acetate membrane).
Nau'in gurbatattun abubuwa
Sikelin inorganic (misali, CaCO₃): Yana buƙatar tsaftacewar citric acid a pH = 2
Gurɓatar Halittu (misali, fina-finan kwayan cuta): Ana yin maganin su da DBNPA sanitizer.
Yanayin Aikace-aikacen da Zaɓin Nau'in Membrane
Desalination Ruwan Teku Polyamide composite membrane (TFC) Babban juriya mai ƙarfi (：60 mashaya), kashi 99% na rashin ruwa
Tsaftace ruwan gida Karkace mai hade membrane Low matsa lamba (2-4 mashaya), makamashi ceto 30%.
Ruwa mai tsabta na masana'antu (kwakwalwar lantarki) matsananciyar matsa lamba mai hade membrane Samfurin tsayayyar ruwa 18 MΩ · cm.