I-Reverse osmosis (RO) iteknoloji yokwahlula i-membrane enokususa ityuwa kunye nezinye izinto ezinyibilikileyo emanzini ngokusebenzisa uxinzelelo. I-RO isetyenziswe ngokubanzi ukukhupha ityuwa emanzini olwandle, ukukhupha ityuwa kumanzi anebrackish, ukucocwa kwamanzi okusela kunye nokuphinda kusetyenziswe amanzi amdaka.
Ibali elingemva kweMembrane ye-Osmosis engasemva
Ngaba wakha wazibuza ukuba isebenza njani i-membrane ye-osmosis? Inokuyihluza njani ityuwa nobunye ukungcola emanzini, iwenze akhuseleke yaye acoceke ukuba asele? Ewe, ibali elingemva koku kuyilwa kumangalisayo linika umdla kakhulu, kwaye libandakanya amangabangaba anomdla.
Konke kwaqala ngeminyaka yoo-1950, xa usosayensi ogama linguSidney Loeb wayesebenza kwiYunivesithi yaseCalifornia, eLos Angeles. Wayenomdla wokufunda inkqubo ye-osmosis, eyintshukumo yendalo yamanzi ukuwela inwebu ekwaziyo ukungena ngaphakathi ukusuka kwindawo yoxinzelelo lwesolute esezantsi ukuya kwindawo yoxinzelelo oluphezulu lwesolute. Wayefuna ukufumana indlela yokuguqula le nkqubo, kwaye enze amanzi asuke kwi-concentration ye-solute ephezulu ukuya kwi-concentration ye-solute ephantsi, esebenzisa uxinzelelo lwangaphandle. Oku bekuya kumvumela ukuba akhuphe ityuwa kumanzi olwandle, aze avelise amanzi amatsha ukuze asetyenziswe ngabantu.
Nangona kunjalo, wayejongene nomngeni omkhulu: ukufumana i-membrane efanelekileyo enokumelana noxinzelelo oluphezulu kunye nokuxhathisa ukungcola ngetyuwa kunye nezinye izinto ezingcolileyo. Wazama izinto ezahlukeneyo, ezifana ne-cellulose acetate kunye ne-polyethylene, kodwa akukho nanye kuzo eyayisebenza ngokwaneleyo. Wayesele eza kunikezela, xa wabona into engaqhelekanga.
Ngenye imini, wayehamba ngaselwandle, wabona umhlambi weengabangaba ubhabha phezu kolwandle. Waphawula ukuba zazinokuntywila emanzini, zibambise iintlanzi, zize zibhabhe zibuyele elunxwemeni. Wayezibuza ukuba bawasela njani amanzi olwandle ngaphandle kokugula okanye ukuphelelwa ngamanzi emzimbeni. Wagqiba ekubeni enze uphando olungakumbi, yaye wafumanisa ukuba amangabangaba anedlala elikhethekileyo kufutshane namehlo azo, elibizwa ngokuba lidlala letyuwa. Eli dlala likhupha ityuwa eninzi egazini lawo, ngeempumlo zawo, ngendlela yomxube onetyuwa. Ngale ndlela, banokugcina ibhalansi yabo yamanzi kwaye baphephe ityhefu yetyuwa.
Ukusukela ngoko, itekhnoloji ye-RO ingene kwixesha lophuhliso olukhawulezayo kwaye ngokuthe ngcembe yafudukela kwintengiso. Kwi-1965, inkqubo yokuqala ye-RO yorhwebo yakhiwe e-Coalinga, eCalifornia, ivelisa iilitha ezingama-5000 zamanzi ngosuku. Kwi-1967, i-Cadotte yaqulunqa i-membrane edibeneyo yefilimu encinci usebenzisa indlela ye-polymerization ye-interfacial, eyaphucula ukusebenza kunye nokuzinza kwe-RO membranes. Ngo-1977, i-FilmTec Corporation yaqala ukuthengisa izinto ze-membrane ezomileyo, ezazinexesha elide lokugcina kunye nokuhamba lula.
Namhlanje, ii-membrane ze-RO zifumaneka kwiindidi ezahlukeneyo kunye nobukhulu, kuxhomekeke kumgangatho wamanzi okutya kunye neemfuno zokusetyenziswa. Ngokubanzi, zimbini iindidi eziphambili zeenwebu ze-RO: i-spiral-wound kunye ne-hollow-fiber. Iinwebu ze-Spiral-wound zenziwe ngamashiti asicaba ajikelezwe kwityhubhu enemingxuma, enze i-cylindrical element. Iimbumba ze-fiber ezingenanto zenziwe ngeetyhubhu ezibhityileyo ezineentsimbi ezingenanto, zenza i-bundle element. Iimbrane ze-Spiral-wound zixhaphake kakhulu ukusetyenziswa kumanzi olwandle kunye ne-brackish water desalination, ngelixa ii-membrane ze-hollow-fiber zifaneleke ngakumbi ukusetyenziswa koxinzelelo oluphantsi olufana nokucocwa kwamanzi okusela.
Ukukhetha i-membrane ye-RO efanelekileyo kwisicelo esithile, izinto ezininzi kufuneka ziqwalaselwe, ezifana:
- Ukulahlwa kwetyuwa: Ipesenti yetyuwa ekhutshwa yinwebu. Ukulahlwa kwetyuwa ephezulu kuthetha umgangatho ophezulu wamanzi.
- Ukuhamba kwamanzi: Ubungakanani bamanzi adlula kwi-membrane kwindawo nganye kunye nexesha. Ukuhamba kwamanzi aphezulu kuthetha imveliso ephezulu kunye nokusetyenziswa kwamandla aphantsi.
- Ukuxhathisa ukuhlambalaza: Ukukwazi kwe-membrane ukuxhathisa ukungcola nge-organic matter, i-colloids, i-microorganisms kunye ne-scaling minerals. Ukuchasana nokungcoliswa okuphezulu kuthetha ubomi obude be-membrane kunye neendleko eziphantsi zokugcinwa.
- Uxinzelelo lokusebenza: Uxinzelelo olufunekayo ukuqhuba amanzi kwi-membrane. Uxinzelelo oluphantsi lokusebenza luthetha ukusetyenziswa kwamandla aphantsi kunye neendleko zezixhobo.
- Ukusebenza kwe-pH: Uluhlu lwe-pH ukuba i-membrane inokunyamezela ngaphandle komonakalo. Ukusebenza okubanzi kwe-pH kuthetha ukuba bhetyebhetye ngakumbi kunye nokuhambelana nemithombo eyahlukeneyo yamanzi esondlo.
I-membrane ye-RO ehlukeneyo ingaba neentlobo ezahlukeneyo zokurhweba phakathi kwezi zinto, ngoko kubalulekile ukuthelekisa idatha yabo yokusebenza kwaye ukhethe eyona ifanelekileyo ngokwemiqathango ethile yesicelo.
Ixesha lokuposa: Nov-02-2023