RO Membrane Inoita Sei 99.9% Kurambwa Munyu?

Reverse osmosis membrane (RO membrane) inoshanda pane yakakosha musimboti wekupokana iwo chaiwo osmotic maitiro. Heino kuongororwa kwakadzama kwemaitiro ayo ekushanda:

Kuenzanisa Kwenyama kwe Natural Osmosis uye Reverse Osmosis

Natural Osmosis Phenomenon ndipo pakaita mutsauko wemusiyano pamativi ese e semipermeable membrane (senge mvura yakachena uye mvura yemunyu), mamorekuru emvura anozoyerera ega kubva kudivi rekudzikamisa kuenda kudivi repamusoro kusvika kusungirira pamativi ese ari pakati. Panguva ino, dzvinyiriro inogadzirwa nehupamhi mutsauko weiyo mvura yemvura ndeye osmotic pressure.

Iyo osmotic pressure π yemushonga we dilute ndeye: π = iCRT (apo ini ndiri nhamba yemaion anogadzirwa neelectrolysis yemamorekuru esolute; C ndiyo molar concentration yesolute; R ndiyo molar gasi risingaperi; T ndiyo tembiricha yakakwana.)
Semuenzaniso, iyo osmotic pressure yemvura yegungwa yakakwira kusvika 28 bar, inoda kudzvanywa kukuru kudzoreredza kuyerera kwemvura.

"High-Pressure Counter-Flow" yeReverse Osmosis iri kushandisa kumanikidza kudivi resaline (>osmotic pressure) inomanikidza mamorekuru emvura kuyerera achidzokera kumashure, achiwana reverse concentration gradient migration kubva ku "saline water→ pure water."

Munguva ye reverse osmosis, the osmotic rate ye solvent, kureva, mvura inoyerera simba N, ndeye: N = Kh (Δp-Δπ) (apo Kh ndiyo hydraulic permeability coefficient, iyo inowedzera zvishoma nekushisa; Δp ndiyo yakasiyana-siyana yekumanikidzika kune membrane; Δπ ndiyo inonzi osmotic pressure kusiyana kune membrane).

Panguva iyi: Kudivi remvura yakachena: Kuunganidza mamorekuru emvura anopfuura ne (anopinda), Padivi remvura yakanyura: Kuchengeta munyu, simbi inorema, uye kumwe kusvibiswa (concentrate).

Kunyanya Kurongeka kweMembrane Structure

Sandwich chimiro:

Chitsigiro chetsigiro: Chigadzirwa chisina kuruka (ukobvu ≈ 120 μm) - iyo "simbi furemu" inomira yakakwira kudzvanywa.

Porous layer: Polysulfone zvinhu (pore saizi 0.01-0.1 μm) - iyo "yekutanga mutsara wekudzivirira" inobata madhaka, jecha, uye ngura.

Active layer: Polyamide film (ukobvu ≈ 200 nm) - yechokwadi "molecular referee," ine pore size ye 0.1-1 nm chete (≈ kaviri saizi yemamorekuru emvura).

Kuenzanisa data:

Virus dhayamita (0.02-0.3 μm) > Membrane pore size 3000 nguva.

Hukuru hwehutachiona (0.5-5 μm) > Membrane pore size 5000 nguva.

Classical model theory

• Solution-Diffusion Model

Core Assumption: Iyo membrane ine homogeneous chimiro isina pores, uye solute uye solvent inotamiswa kuburikidza nekunyungudika mu membrane zvinhu uye kupararira.

Transmission process:

Dissolution: Mvura mamorekuru uye solutes adsorb pamusoro membrane pamusoro uye kunyunguduka mu membrane zvinhu;
Diffusion: Pasi pesimba rekutyaira kwemakemikari anogona gradient (kudzvanywa musiyano), mamorekuru emvura anonyanya kupararira kuburikidza ne membrane;

Desorption: Yakasunungurwa semvura yakachena kune rumwe rutivi rwe membrane.

Chirevo cheMasvomhu: Mvura inoyerera Jw = A(ΔP − Dp), apo A ndiyo membrane permeability coefficient, DP ndiyo dzvinyiriro inoshandiswa, uye Dp ndiwo musiyano weosmotic pressure.

• Preferential Adsorption-Capillary Flow Model

Core fungidziro: Iyo membrane yepasi ine nanoscale migero, iyo inonyanya kushambadza mamorekuru emvura kuti iite monolayer ye "mvura yakasungwa," nepo solutes ichidzingwa.

Transmission mechanism:

Selective adsorption: Iyo membrane yepamusoro inosarudza adsorbes mamorekuru emvura kuburikidza nehydrogen bond (semuenzaniso, carbonyl oksijeni mu cellulose acetate);

Kutakurwa kwechiteshi: Pasi pekumanikidzwa kwakanyanya, mvura yakasungwa inopfuura nemumatanho kuburikidza ne "hydrogen bond jumping," nepo solutes ichichengetwa nekuda kwekusarudzika kwehukuru.

Kuita:

Kurambwa kwemunyu: 98% -99.9% (TDS

Heavy metal kubviswa mwero:> 99.9% (lead, arsenic, nezvimwewo).

Zvinhu zvinokosha zvinofurira

Operating Pressure
Inofanirwa kunge iri > mhinduro yeosmotic pressure, kazhinji 60-80 bar yekushandiswa kwemaindasitiri (desalination), uye 2-4 bar yekushandisa pamba.

Tembiricha: 5-45 ℃ (tembiricha yakakwirira inokonzera membrane pore deformation)

pH range: 4-11 (polyamide membrane), 5-6 (cellulose acetate membrane).

Mhando yezvinosvibisa

Inorganic kuyera (semuenzaniso, CaCO₃): Inoda citric acid kuchenesa pa pH = 2

Biological kusvibiswa (semuenzaniso, mabhakitiriya mafirimu): Yakarapwa neDBNPA sanitizer.

Mamiriro ekushandisa uye Membrane Type Sarudzo

Kubvisa mvura yemugungwa Polyamide composite membrane (TFC) High-pressure resistance (＞60 bar), 99% desalination rate

Kucheneswa kwemvura yemumba Spiral composite membrane Yakaderera kumanikidza kushanda (2-4 bar), kuchengetedza simba 30%.

Industrial mvura yakachena (electronic chips) Ultra-low pressure composite membrane Product water resistivity 18 MΩ·cm.