Reverse osmose (RO) ni tekinoroji yo gutandukanya membrane ishobora gukuramo umunyu nibindi bintu byashonze mumazi ukoresheje igitutu. RO yakoreshejwe cyane muguhindura amazi yinyanja, gusiba amazi meza, gutunganya amazi yo kunywa no gukoresha amazi mabi.
Inkuru Inyuma Yinyuma ya Osmose
Wigeze wibaza uburyo membrane osmose ikora? Nigute ishobora gushungura umunyu nibindi byanduye biva mumazi, bikagira umutekano kandi bisukuye kunywa? Nibyiza, inkuru iri inyuma yiki gihangano gitangaje irashimishije cyane, kandi irimo inyoni zamatsiko.
Byose byatangiye mu myaka ya za 1950, ubwo umuhanga witwa Sidney Loeb yakoraga muri kaminuza ya California, Los Angeles. Yashishikajwe no kwiga inzira ya osmose, akaba aribwo buryo busanzwe bwamazi bwambukiranya igice cya kabiri cyinjira kuva mukarere kegeranye cyane gashika mukarere kegeranye cyane. Yashakaga gushakisha uburyo bwo guhindura iki gikorwa, no gutuma amazi ava mumurongo mwinshi ukagera kumurongo muke, akoresheje igitutu cyo hanze. Ibi byamufasha gutobora amazi yinyanja, kandi akabyara amazi meza yo kurya abantu.
Ariko, yahuye ningorabahizi: gushaka igikwiye gishobora kwihanganira umuvuduko mwinshi no kurwanya kwanduzwa numunyu nibindi byanduza. Yagerageje ibikoresho bitandukanye, nka selulose acetate na polyethylene, ariko nta na kimwe cyakoraga neza bihagije. Yendaga kureka, abonye ikintu kidasanzwe.
Umunsi umwe, yari atembera ku mucanga, abona umukumbi w'inyoni ziguruka hejuru y'inyanja. Yabonye ko bari kwibira mu mazi, bagafata amafi, hanyuma bagasubira ku nkombe. Yibajije uburyo bashobora kunywa amazi yo mu nyanja batarwaye cyangwa umwuma. Yahisemo gukora ubushakashatsi bwimbitse, maze amenya ko inyoni zo mu nyanja zifite glande idasanzwe hafi y'amaso yabo, yitwa gland y'umunyu. Iyi glande isohora umunyu mwinshi mumaraso yabo, binyuze mumazuru yabo, muburyo bwumunyu. Ubu buryo, burashobora gukomeza kuringaniza amazi no kwirinda uburozi bwumunyu.
Kuva icyo gihe, ikoranabuhanga rya RO ryinjiye mugihe cyiterambere ryihuse kandi rigenda ryerekeza mubucuruzi. Mu 1965, sisitemu ya mbere yubucuruzi RO yubatswe i Coalinga, muri Californiya, itanga litiro 5000 zamazi kumunsi. Mu 1967, Cadotte yahimbye membrane yoroheje ya firime ikoresheje uburyo bwa polymerisiyasi ya interineti, byateje imbere imikorere no guhagarara neza kwa RO. Mu 1977, FilmTec Corporation yatangiye kugurisha ibintu byumye byumye, byari bifite igihe kinini cyo kubika no gutwara byoroshye.
Muri iki gihe, RO membrane iraboneka muburyo butandukanye no mubunini, bitewe n'amazi y'ibiryo hamwe nibisabwa. Muri rusange, hari ubwoko bubiri bwingenzi bwa RO membrane: spiral-igikomere na hollow-fibre. Indwara ya spiral-igikomere ikozwe mu mpapuro ziringaniye zizengurutse umuyoboro usobekeranye, ugizwe na silindrike. Ibibyimba bya fibre-fibre bikozwe mu miyoboro yoroheje ifite ingirabuzimafatizo, ikora ikintu cya bundle. Indwara ya spiral-igikomere ikoreshwa cyane mumazi yo mu nyanja hamwe no kuvoma amazi meza, mugihe ibibyimba bya fibre fibre bikwiranye no gukoresha umuvuduko muke nko kweza amazi yo kunywa.
Guhitamo iburyo bwa RO membrane kubisobanuro byihariye, ibintu byinshi bigomba gusuzumwa, nka:
- Kwanga umunyu: Ijanisha ryumunyu ukurwa na membrane. Kwanga umunyu mwinshi bisobanura ubwiza bwamazi.
- Amazi atemba: Ingano y'amazi anyura muri membrane kuri buri gice hamwe nigihe. Amazi menshi atemba bisobanura umusaruro mwinshi no gukoresha ingufu nke.
- Kurwanya ububi: Ubushobozi bwa membrane bwo kurwanya kwanduzwa nibintu kama, colloide, mikorobe ndetse nubunini bwamabuye y'agaciro. Kurwanya nabi cyane bisobanura igihe kirekire cyo kubaho hamwe nigiciro cyo kubungabunga.
- Umuvuduko wo gukora: Umuvuduko usabwa kugirango utware amazi muri membrane. Umuvuduko muke wo gukora bisobanura gukoresha ingufu nke nigiciro cyibikoresho.
- Gukora pH: Urwego rwa pH ururenda rushobora kwihanganira nta byangiritse. Ikoreshwa ryagutse pH risobanura guhinduka no guhuza amasoko y'ibiryo bitandukanye.
Ibice bitandukanye bya RO bishobora kugira ubucuruzi butandukanye hagati yibi bintu, bityo rero ni ngombwa kugereranya amakuru yimikorere no guhitamo icyiza ukurikije ibisabwa byihariye.
Igihe cyo kohereza: Ugushyingo-02-2023