Ngale Kophahla Oluyi-45%: Umngcele Omusha Wezindwangu Ze-RO Zamanzi Olwandle Ezilulama Kakhulu

Emkhakheni wokususa usawoti emanzini, i-equation ilula: kulapho uphakeme khonaizinga lokutakula i-osmosis ebuyela emuva, izindleko zakho ziyancipha ngemitha eyi-cubic yamanzi ahlanzekile. Sekungamashumi eminyaka, izinhlelo zamanzi olwandle ezibuyela emuva ze-osmosis (SWRO) zisebenza ngaphakathi kwendawo yokunethezeka elondolozayo. Ukuvikela izakhi ze-membrane ekungcoleni nasekuphatheni ingcindezi ye-osmotic yezinkanyezi, okujwayelekileukutakula uhleloI-RO yamanzi olwandle adlula nge-single-pass ivalwe cishe35% kuya ku-45%.

Kodwa kuthiwani uma ungacindezela leyo nombolo uye ku-50% noma ngisho 60%ngaphandle kokudela impilo ye-membrane?

Ngenxa yentuthuko eyenzekilei-RO enengcindezi ephezulu (i-HPRO)I-chemistry ye-membrane kanye nokucushwa kwemojuli, imboni manje isichaza kabusha ukuthi kusho ukuthini "ukusebenza kahle". Lolu shintsho lubalulekile—hhayi nje kuphela ekulondolozweni kwamanzi, kodwa nasekuphileni kahle kwezomnotho kwezitshalo zokukhipha usawoti esikhathini esizayo.

"Ukululama Okuthathu" Okudingeka Ukwazi

Ngaphambi kokungena kwezobuchwepheshe, kubalulekile ukuhlukanisa phakathi kwezimo ezahlukene "zokululama," njengoba ukudideka lapha kungaholela ekwakhiweni kwesistimu okunephutha:

• Ukubuyiselwa Kokuhlolwa Okujwayelekile:Ukusebenza okuyisisekelo okukalwa ngabakhiqizi (ngokuvamile~10%kwento eyodwa yolwelwesi lwamanzi olwandle ngaphansi kwezimo zelebhu ezilawulwayo). Lokhu akuyona inhloso yokusebenza; kuyisilinganiso.
• Ukubuyiselwa Kwangempela Kwezinto:Umkhawulo wangempela wesakhi esisodwa se-membrane yamanzi olwandle esingamasentimitha angu-40. Ukuvimbelaukuhlukaniswa kokugxilakanye nokwakheka kwe-scal ohlangothini lwe-brine, lokhu ngokuvamile akufanele kudlule ku-~18%.
• Ukubuyiselwa Kwesistimu:Isiyonkeukugeleza kwamanziihlukaniswe ngesambaukugeleza kokudlayeyunithi yonke ye-RO. Ezinhlelweni ezinkulu zezimboni, lokhu kufezwa ngokusetha ama-membrane ngokulandelana, okuphoqa ukululama okuphelele ku-75-90% wamanzi anosawoti, futhi manje, sicindezela imvilophu yamanzi olwandle.

Inkinga Yokululama Okukhulu Ekukhishweni Kwamanzi Olwandle

Izinhlelo ze-SWRO ezivamile zimi ebangeni lika-35-45% ngenxa yefiziksi. Njengoba ukhipha amanzi, amanzi okuphakelayo ohlangothini lokwenqatshwa agxila kakhulu. Lokhu kuholela ezinkingeni ezimbili:

• I-Osmotic Pressure Spike:Amandla okushayela (ingcindezi yokushayela ehlanzekile) yehla kakhulu.
• Ingozi Yokukhulisa:Usawoti oncibilika kancane (njenge-calcium carbonate noma i-calcium sulfate) ufinyelela ekugcwaleni nasekuweniubuso be-membrane.

Kodwa-ke, izifundo zokuhlola zakamuva—kufaka phakathi imisebenzi ezindaweni ezinengozi enkulu njenge-Arabian Gulf—zibonise ukuthi izinhlelo ezithuthukisiwe manje zingafezaukusebenza okuzinzile ekubuyiseleni okungu-50-60%.

Indlela Ama-Membrane Anamuhla Aphula Ngayo Isithiyo

Ukufinyelela la mazinga aphezulu okululama akukhona nje ukuguqula ivalvu; kudinga ukuthuthuka okuphelele kweisici se-membraneuqobo:

• Ukuqina Kokungena Nokudluliselwa Kwesisindo Okuthuthukisiwe:I-chemistry ye-thin-film composite (TFC) ethuthukisiwe iyandaukumuncwa kwamanzingaphandle kokuyekethisaukwenqatshwa kukasawoti. Ukumodela kusikisela ukuthi ukuphakelwa kwamandla okuphindwe kathathu kunganciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwamandla ngo-23% ekubuyiselweni kwawo ngo-50%.

• Ukulawula Okuphezulu Kokukala:Izindawo ezintsha ze-membrane zakhiwe ukuze ziphazamise ukwakheka kwamaminerali, okuvumelaisihluzi se-brineukusebenza kanzima ngaphandle kokwenza iphutha.

• Ubuhlakani Bokudlula Kabili:Ezitshalweni ezinkulu njengesikhungo saseTorrevieja eSpain, kusetshenziswa isu elikabili. Indlela yokuqala yokungena emanzini olwandle isebenza e-ukululama okungu-45%(kusetshenziswa abantu abangaphezu kuka-25,000 izakhi), kuyilapho i-second-passuhlelo lwe-RO lwamanzi anosawoti kufeza okumangalisayoukululama okungu-90%, ukuqinisekisa ukuthi inani lamanzi liphelele liyakhuphuka.

Ikusasa: Ukwelashwa Nge-Hypersaline Brine

Umngcele olandelayo usekuphatheni usawoti ngokwawo.ama-membrane e-RO (HPRO) anomfutho ophezulu zenzelwe ukuphatha okuphakelayo kuze kufike ku-70 g/L i-NaClekucindezelweniIbha engu-130Ngokuthola amanzi engeziwe emfudlaneni wamanzi ahlanzekile—ukusunduza ukubuyiselwa “konke” kwesitshalo ekukhishweni koketshezi oluyize (i-ZLD)—sisondela ekuncipheni kwamanzi okujikelezayo.

Isifinyezo

Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ucacisa ama-membrane esitshalo sokukhipha usawoti sikamasipala noma imboniiphrojekthi yokubuyisa amanzi angcolile, izinga lokululama yilona silinganiso esinquma ukusimama. Kusukela ezinhlelweni zamanzi olwandle ezijwayelekile ezingu-45% kuya ekufakweni kwamanzi asezingeni eliphezulu angu-60%, umyalezo ucacile: asisagcini nje ngokususa usawoti emanzini; siyawaklama ukuze athole isivuno esiphezulu.

Amagama angukhiye: I-Reverse Osmosis, i-RO Membrane, Ukukhishwa kukasawoti emanzini olwandle, Izinga Lokubuyisela, Ukubuyiselwa Kwesistimu, i-SWRO, i-High-Pressure RO, i-HPRO, i-Membrane Element, Ukugeleza Okugcwele, Ukuhlushwa Kwamanzi Angcolile, Ukwenqatshwa Kosawoti, Amanzi Okuphakelayo, Isitshalo Sokukhishwa kukasawoti emanzini olwandle.