Sidee ayuu RO Membrane ku gaadhaa 99.9% Diidmada milixda?

Xuubka osmosis-ka (xuubka RO) wuxuu ku shaqeeyaa mabda'a asaasiga ah ee ka hortagga habka dabiiciga ah ee osmotic. Halkan waxaa ah falanqeyn qoto dheer oo ku saabsan qaabkeeda shaqo:

Isbarbardhigga Jirka ee Osmosis-ka Dabiiciga ah iyo Osmosis-ka Reverse

Dabeeciga Osmosis-ka Dabiiciga ah waa marka uu jiro kala duwanaansho fiirsi labada dhinac ee xuub semipermeable ah (sida biyaha cusub iyo biyaha cusbada), molecules biyuhu waxay si kedis ah uga soo qulquli doonaan dhinaca fiirsashada hoose ilaa dhinaca feejignaanta sare ilaa inta uruurinta labada dhinac ay dheellitirmaan. Halkaa marka ay marayso, cadaadiska uu keeno farqiga dhererka ee dusha dareeraha waa cadaadiska osmotic.

Cadaadiska osmotic π ee xal diluxu waa: π = iCRT (halkaas oo ah tirada ions ee ay dhaliso electrolysis ee molecules solute; C waa xoojinta molarka ee solute; R waa gaaska joogtada ah; T waa heerkulka saxda ah.)
Tusaale ahaan, cadaadiska osmotic ee biyaha badda ayaa ah mid aad u sarreeya ilaa 28 bar, oo u baahan cadaadis weyn si loo beddelo socodka biyaha.

"Cadaad-qaadka-sare ee socodka-socodka" ee Reverse Osmosis wuxuu cadaadis saarayaa dhinaca salineed (> cadaadiska osmotic) waxay ku qasbeysaa molecules-ka biyaha inay u qulqulaan gadaal, gaaritaanka socdaalka feejignaanta rogaal celinta "biyaha cusbada → biyo saafi ah."

Inta lagu jiro osmosis-ka dambe, heerka osmotic ee dareeraha, ie, tamarta socodka dareeraha N, waa: N = Kh (Δp-Δπ) (halka Kh uu yahay isku-dhafka qulqulka biyaha, kaas oo waxoogaa kor u kaca heerkulka; Δp waa farqiga cadaadiska joogtada ah ee xuubka; Δπ waa farqiga cadaadiska osmotic ee xuubka).

Halkaa marka ay marayso: Dhinaca biyaha saafiga ah: Ururinta molecules-ka biyaha ee dhex mara (permeate), dhinaca biyaha ee xoogga leh: Celinta milixda, biraha culus, iyo wasakhyada kale (fiirsashada).

Saxnaanta Ba'an ee Qaab dhismeedka Xubinta

Qaab dhismeedka Sandwich:

Lakabka taageerada: Dhar aan tolmo lahayn ( dhumucdiisuna ≈ 120 μm) - "qaabka birta" ee u adkaysta cadaadiska sare.

Lakabka daloola: Maaddada Polysulfone (xajmiga daloolka 0.01-0.1 μm) - "khadka ugu horreeya ee difaaca" kaas oo xannibaya dhoobada, ciidda, iyo miridhka.

Lakabka firfircoon: Filimka Polyamide ( dhumucdiisuna ≈ 200 nm) - "garsooraha molecular" ee runta ah, oo leh cabbir dalool oo kaliya 0.1-1 nm (≈ laba jeer cabbirka molecules biyaha).

Xogta isbarbardhigga:

Dhexroorka fayraska (0.02-0.3 μm)> Cabbirka daloolka xuubabka 3000 jeer.

Cabbirka bakteeriyada (0.5-5 μm)> Cabbirka daloolka xuubabka 5000 jeer.

Aragtida moodalka qadiimiga ah

• Xalka-Diffusion Model

Malaha Muhiimka ah: Xuubku waa qaab-dhismeed isku mid ah oo aan lahayn daloollo, iyo dareeraha iyo dareeraha waxaa lagu gudbiyaa kala dirida walxaha xuubka iyo faafinta.

Habka Gudbinta:

Kala diri: Unugyada biyaha iyo dareeraha ayaa ku qulqulaya dusha xuubka waxayna ku milmaan walxaha xuubka;
Faafidda: Marka la eego awoodda wadista kiimikaad awoodda awoodda (farqiga cadaadiska), molecules biyuhu waxay doorbidayaan inay dhex maraan xuubka;

Burburinta: Waxaa loo sii daayay sidii biyo saafi ah oo ku yaal dhinaca kale ee xuubka.

Tibaaxaha xisaabta: qulqulka biyaha Jw = A(ΔP − Dp), halka A uu yahay isugeynta daloolaanshaha xuubka, DP waa cadaadiska la dabaqay, iyo Dp waa farqiga cadaadiska osmotic.

• Adsorption-Preferential Adsorption-Model Flow Kapillary

Male: Dusha xuubku waxa ay leedahay kanaalada nanoscale, kuwaas oo doorbidaya in ay xajiya unugyada biyaha si ay u sameeyaan monolayer ah "biyo xidhxidhan," halka solutes la celinayo.

Habka gudbinta:

Xayeysiinta xulashada: Dusha xuubka ayaa si door ah u soo jiidaya molecules biyaha iyada oo loo marayo bonds hydrogen (tusaale, carbonyl oxygen in cellulose acetate);

Gaadiidka kanaalka: Cadaadis sare, biyaha xidhxidhan waxay maraan kanaalada iyagoo sii maraya "boodboodka isku-xidhka hydrogen," halka solutes la hayo sababtoo ah cabbirka ka saarida.

Waxqabadka:

Heerka diidmada milixda: 98%-99.9% (TDS

Heerka saarista biraha culus:>99.9% (lead, arsenic, iwm.).

Qodobbada muhiimka ah ee saameeya

Cadaadiska Shaqada
Waa inuu noqdaa> cadaadiska osmotic ee xal, caadi ahaan 60-80 bar ee codsiyada warshadaha (saxinta), iyo 2-4 bar ee isticmaalka guriga.

Heerkulka: 5-45 ℃

Qiyaasta pH: 4-11 (xuubka polyamide), 5-6 (xuubka acetate cellulose).

Nooca wasakhowga

Miisaanka aan organic ahayn (tusaale, CaCO₃): Waxay u baahan tahay nadiifinta citric acid at pH=2

Wasakhowga noolaha (tusaale, filimaanta bakteeriyada): Waxaa lagu daaweeyaa nadiifiyaha DBNPA.

Muuqaallada Codsiga iyo Xulashada Nooca Xubinta

Saliidda biyaha badda Polyamide xuubka isku-dhafka ah (TFC) iska caabbinta cadaadiska sare (＞60 bar), 99% heerka nadiifinta

Sifaynta biyaha guriga Spiral xuubka isku dhafan Hawlgalka cadaadiska hooseeya (2-4 bar), badbaadinta tamarta 30%.

Biyaha saafiga ah ee warshadaha (chips-electronic) Cadaadis aad u hooseeya oo ka kooban xuub ka kooban badeecada iska caabbinta biyaha 18 MΩ · cm.