Kusintha kwa Seawater RO Membranes
Nkhani yamadzi am'nyanja RO nembanemba imayamba mu 1960s. Asayansi Sidney Loeb ndi Srinivasa Sourirajan anapanga nembanemba yoyamba ya RO panthawiyi. Ntchito yawo yaikulu inatsegula njira ya teknoloji yochotsa mchere, zomwe zinatilola kusandutsa madzi a m’nyanja kukhala madzi opanda mchere. Chochititsa chidwi n’chakuti, mu 1961, Purezidenti wa United States, John F. Kennedy, anavomereza kuchotsa mchere m’madzi a m’nyanja monga ntchito ya dziko lonse, pozindikira kufunika kwake m’madera amene madzi alibe madzi.
Alexander Zarchin, mainjiniya aku Israeli, adapanga njira yayikulu yochotsera mchere m'madzi zaka 60 zapitazo. Mosonkhezeredwa ndi wofufuza wina wa ku Arctic yemwe ankapeza madzi akumwa kuchokera ku ayezi wosungunuka, ntchito yatsopano ya Zarchin inatsegula njira ya kupita patsogolo kwaukadaulo wochotsa mchere. Njira yake inali kuzizira madzi a m'nyanja m'chipinda chopanda kanthu, kuti madzi oundanawo achotse mchere, ndiyeno n'kusonkhanitsa madzi abwino omwe atulukawo kwinaku akutolera mcherewo. Kuyambira nthawi imeneyo, desalination yapitirizabe kusintha, ndikupereka yankho lofunika kwambiri pa chitukuko chokhazikika cha madzi padziko lonse lapansi.
Reverse osmosis ndi njira yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pochotsa mchere m'madzi am'nyanja. Kumaphatikizapo kukakamiza madzi kudzera mu nembanemba semipermeable kuti kusankha amalola madzi mamolekyu kudutsa pamene kutsekereza mchere ndi zosafunika. Madzi oyeretsedwa amasonkhanitsidwa mbali imodzi ya nembanemba, ndikusiya brine yokhazikika. RO imapanga madzi oyera mosasamala kanthu za kuchuluka kwa mchere wa feedstock. Zitha kukhala zogwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zambiri ndipo zimafunikira zida zoyambira. Kuphatikiza apo, kuthana ndi zinyalala zapoizoni za brine ndizovuta. Madzi am'nyanja ndi madzi amchere kwambiri. Kutuluka kwa nthunzi ndi kupopera kumatha kudya mpaka ma megawati 80 pa megalita imodzi ya madzi opangidwa. Ku Middle East, zomera nthawi zambiri zimagwiritsa ntchito kutentha kwa zinyalala zochokera kumagetsi oyandikana nawo komanso mafuta otsika mtengo pochotsa mchere.
Seawater Reverse Osmosis (SWRO) ndi njira yochotsera mchere yomwe imagwiritsa ntchito nembanemba yapadera kuchotsa mchere ndi zonyansa m'madzi a m'nyanja. Ma membrane awa akhala akugwiritsidwa ntchito pamalonda kuyambira koyambirira kwa zaka za m'ma 1970. Mosiyana ndi njira zachikhalidwe zochotsera mchere zomwe zimafuna kutentha kapena kusintha kwa gawo, SWRO imadalira nembanemba, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti ikhale yosagwiritsa ntchito mphamvu.
Mofulumira mpaka lero, ndipo timapeza HID Membrane Co., Ltd. patsogolo pa kupanga RO membrane. Yakhazikitsidwa mu 2008, HID yakhala wotchuka kwambiri pamakampani, ku China komanso padziko lonse lapansi.