ʻO ka reverse osmosis (RO) kahi ʻenehana hoʻokaʻawale membrane e hiki ke hoʻoneʻe i ka paʻakai a me nā mea hoʻoheheʻe ʻē aʻe mai ka wai ma ke kau ʻana i ke kaomi. Ua hoʻohana nui ʻia ʻo RO no ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe wai kai, ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe wai inu a me ka hoʻohana hou ʻana i ka wai ʻino.
Ka Moʻolelo Ma hope o ka Reverse Osmosis Membrane
Ua noʻonoʻo paha ʻoe pehea e hana ai ka membrane reverse osmosis? Pehea e hiki ai ke kānana i ka paʻakai a me nā mea haumia ʻē aʻe mai ka wai, e palekana a maʻemaʻe ke inu? ʻAe, he mea hoihoi loa ka moʻolelo ma hope o kēia ʻano mea kupanaha, a pili pū kekahi i nā manu liʻo.
Ua hoʻomaka ia i ka makahiki 1950, i ka wā e hana ana kekahi kanaka ʻepekema ʻo Sidney Loeb ma ke Kulanui o Kaleponi, Los Angeles. Ua hoihoi ʻo ia i ke aʻo ʻana i ke kaʻina hana o ka osmosis, ʻo ia ka neʻe kūlohelohe o ka wai ma waena o kahi membrane semi-permeable mai kahi ʻāpana haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa a i kahi ʻāpana o ka ʻike solute kiʻekiʻe. Ua makemake ʻo ia e ʻimi i ke ala e hoʻohuli ai i kēia kaʻina hana, a e hoʻoneʻe i ka wai mai kahi ʻano solute kiʻekiʻe a i kahi ʻano haʻahaʻa solute, me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ke kaomi o waho. ʻO kēia ka mea e hiki ai iā ia ke hoʻopau i ka wai kai, a hana i ka wai hou no ka ʻai kanaka.
Eia nō naʻe, ua kū ʻo ia i kahi paʻakikī nui: ʻo ka loaʻa ʻana o kahi membrane kūpono e hiki ke kū i ke kaomi kiʻekiʻe a pale i ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻia e ka paʻakai a me nā mea haumia ʻē aʻe. Ua hoʻāʻo ʻo ia i nā mea like ʻole, e like me ka cellulose acetate a me ka polyethylene, akā ʻaʻohe o lākou i hana maikaʻi. Ua kokoke ʻo ia e haʻalele, ʻike ʻo ia i kekahi mea ʻē aʻe.
I kekahi lā, e hele ana ʻo ia ma kahakai, a ʻike akula ʻo ia i ka ʻohana manu kai e lele ana ma luna o ka moana. Ua ʻike ʻo ia e luʻu lākou i loko o ka wai, hopu i ka iʻa, a laila lele hou i uka. Ua noʻonoʻo ʻo ia pehea e hiki ai iā lākou ke inu i ka wai kai me ka loaʻa ʻole o ka maʻi a me ka maloʻo. Ua hoʻoholo ʻo ia e noiʻi hou aku, a ua ʻike ʻo ia he ʻili kūikawā ko nā manu kai ma kahi kokoke i ko lākou mau maka, i kapa ʻia ʻo ka ʻili paʻakai. Hoʻokuʻu kēia gland i ka nui o ka paʻakai mai ko lākou koko, ma o ko lākou mau puka ihu, ma ke ʻano he paʻakai paʻakai. Ma kēia ala, hiki iā lākou ke mālama i ko lākou kaulike wai a pale i ka make ʻana o ka paʻakai.
Mai ia manawa, ua komo ka ʻenehana RO i kahi manawa hoʻomohala wikiwiki a neʻe mālie i ka ʻoihana. Ma 1965, ua kūkulu ʻia ka ʻōnaehana RO kūʻai mua ma Coalinga, Kaleponi, e hana ana i 5000 galani wai i kēlā me kēia lā. I ka makahiki 1967, ua hana ʻo Cadotte i ka membrane composite kiʻiʻoniʻoni me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ke ʻano polymerization interfacial, kahi i hoʻomaikaʻi ai i ka hana a me ka paʻa o nā membrane RO. I ka makahiki 1977, ua hoʻomaka ʻo FilmTec Corporation e kūʻai aku i nā mea membrane ʻano maloʻo, ʻoi aku ka lōʻihi o ka mālama ʻana a me ka maʻalahi o ka lawe ʻana.
I kēia mau lā, loaʻa nā membrane RO i nā ʻano like ʻole a me nā nui, e pili ana i ka maikaʻi o ka wai hānai a me nā koi noi. Ma ka ʻōlelo maʻamau, ʻelua ʻano nui o nā membrane RO: spiral-wound a me hollow-fiber. Hana ʻia nā membrane ʻeha ʻāwili me nā ʻāpana palahalaha i ʻōwili ʻia a puni kahi paipu perforated, e hana ana i kahi mea cylindrical. Hollow-fiber membranes ua hana ʻia i nā paipu lahilahi me nā koʻi puʻupuʻu, e hana ana i kahi mea puʻupuʻu. Hoʻohana maʻa mau ʻia nā membrane ʻāwīwī no ka wai kai a me ka desalination wai paʻakai, ʻoiai ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o nā membrane hollow-fiber no nā noi haʻahaʻa e like me ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe wai inu.
No ke koho ʻana i ka membrane RO kūpono no kahi noi kikoʻī, pono e noʻonoʻo ʻia kekahi mau mea, e like me:
- Hōʻole ka paʻakai: ʻO ka pākēneka o ka paʻakai i wehe ʻia e ka membrane. ʻO ka hōʻole ʻana i ka paʻakai kiʻekiʻe ke ʻano o ka maikaʻi o ka wai.
- Ka wai kahe: Ka nui o ka wai e hele ana ma ka membrane ma kēlā me kēia ʻāpana a me ka manawa. ʻO ke kahe wai kiʻekiʻe, ʻo ia hoʻi, ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o ka huahana a me ka emi ʻana o ka ikehu.
- Ke kū'ē kū'ē: ʻO ka hiki o ka membrane ke kū'ē i ka fouling e nā mea olaola, colloids, microorganisms a me nā minela scaling. ʻOi aku ka nui o ke kūpaʻa fouling ʻoi aku ka lōʻihi o ke ola membrane a me ke kumu kūʻai mālama haʻahaʻa.
- Ke kaomi hana: ʻO ke kaomi e koi ʻia e hoʻokele i ka wai ma o ka membrane. ʻO ke kaomi hana haʻahaʻa ʻo ia ka emi ʻana o ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka ikehu a me ke kumu kūʻai o nā lako.
- pH hana: ʻO ka pae o ka pH i hiki i ka membrane ke ʻae me ka ʻole o ka pōʻino. ʻOi aku ka maʻalahi o ka hana ʻana o ka pH me nā kumu wai hānai ʻokoʻa.
Hiki i nā membrane RO likeʻole ke kūʻai likeʻole ma waena o kēia mau mea, no laila he mea nui e hoʻohālikelike i kā lākouʻikepili hana a koho i ka mea kūpono loa e like me nā kūlana noi kiko'ī.
Ka manawa hoʻouna: Nov-02-2023