25 mau hoʻonā maʻamau o ka pilikia ʻenehana membrane reverse osmosis (Mahele 1)

Ma keʻano laulā, i ka emi ʻana o ka flux maʻamau e 10-15%, a i ʻole ka emi ʻana o ka desalination rate o ka ʻōnaehana e 10-15%, a i ʻole ka piʻi ʻana o ke kaomi hana a me ka ʻokoʻa ʻokoʻa ma waena o 10-15%, pono e hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻia ka ʻōnaehana RO. ʻO ka pinepine hoʻomaʻemaʻe e pili pono ana i ke kiʻekiʻe o ka mālama mua ʻana o ka ʻōnaehana. Ke SDI15

1. Pehea e hoʻomaʻemaʻe pinepine ʻia ai ka ʻōnaehana reverse osmosis?

Ma keʻano laulā, i ka emi ʻana o ka flux maʻamau e 10-15%, a i ʻole ka emi ʻana o ka desalination rate o ka ʻōnaehana e 10-15%, a i ʻole ka piʻi ʻana o ke kaomi hana a me ka ʻokoʻa ʻokoʻa ma waena o 10-15%, pono e hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻia ka ʻōnaehana RO. ʻO ka pinepine hoʻomaʻemaʻe e pili pono ana i ke kiʻekiʻe o ka mālama mua ʻana o ka ʻōnaehana. Ke SDI15

2.He aha ka SDI?

ʻO ka ʻenehana maikaʻi maikaʻi loa no ka loiloi ʻana i ka pollution colloid i ka inflow o nā ʻōnaehana RO / NF i kēia manawa e ana i ka sedimentation density index (SDI) o ka inflow, ʻo ia kahi mea nui e pono e hoʻoholo ma mua o ka hoʻolālā ʻana o RO. I ka wā o ka hana ʻana o RO/NF, pono e lawe ʻia nā ana maʻamau (2-3 manawa i ka lā no ka wai ʻili). Hōʻike ka ASTM D4189-82 i ka maʻamau no kēia hōʻike. ʻO ke koi wai inlet no ka ʻōnaehana membrane ʻo ia ka waiwai SDI15 ≤ 5. ʻO nā ʻenehana kūpono no ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa ʻana i ka SDI pretreatment me nā kānana multimedia, ultrafiltration, microfiltration, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe.

3. Pono e hoʻohana ʻia ke kaʻina hana osmosis a i ʻole ke kaʻina hana hoʻololi ion no ke kahe nui?

Ma lalo o nā kūlana inflow he nui, hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia ka resin exchange ion a i ʻole reverse osmosis, a pono e hoʻoholo ʻia ke koho o ke kaʻina hana e ka hoʻohālikelike waiwai. ʻO ka maʻamau, ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o ka paʻakai, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka reverse osmosis, ʻoiai ka haʻahaʻa o ka paʻakai, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka hoʻololi ion. Ma muli o ka hoʻohana nui ʻana o ka ʻenehana reverse osmosis, ua lilo ka hui ʻana o ka reverse osmosis+ion exchange kaʻina a i ʻole multi-stage reverse osmosis a i ʻole reverse osmosis+nā ʻenehana desalination hohonu ʻē aʻe i lilo i ʻenehana ʻike ʻia a ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka hoʻokele wai kūpono. Inā makemake ʻoe i ka ʻike hou aʻe, e ʻoluʻolu e nīnau i kahi ʻelele o kahi hui ʻenehana mālama wai. ʻEhia mau makahiki hiki ke hoʻohana maʻamau i nā ʻāpana osmosis membrane? ʻO ke ola lawelawe o ka membrane e pili ana i kona kūpaʻa kemika, ke kūpaʻa kino o nā ʻāpana, ka holoi ʻana, ke kumu wai inlet, ka mālama mua ʻana, ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe pinepine, a me ka pae hoʻokele hana. Wahi a ka loiloi waiwai, ʻoi aku ma mua o 5 mau makahiki.

ʻEhia mau makahiki hiki ke hoʻohana maʻamau i nā ʻāpana osmosis membrane?

ʻO ke ola lawelawe o ka membrane e pili ana i kona kūpaʻa kemika, ke kūpaʻa kino o nā ʻāpana, ka holoi ʻana, ke kumu wai inlet, ka mālama mua ʻana, ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe pinepine, a me ka pae hoʻokele hana. Wahi a ka loiloi waiwai, ʻoi aku ma mua o 5 mau makahiki.

4. He aha ka ʻokoʻa ma waena o ka reverse osmosis a me ka nanofiltration?

ʻO ka Nanofiltration kahi ʻenehana hoʻokaʻawale wai membrane aia ma waena o ka reverse osmosis a me ka ultrafiltration. Hiki i ka reverse osmosis ke hoʻoneʻe i ka solute liʻiliʻi loa me ke kaumaha molekala ma lalo o 0.0001 micrometers, aʻo ka nanofiltration hiki ke hoʻoneʻe i nā solute me ke kaumaha molekala ma kahi o 0.001 micrometers. ʻO ka Nanofiltration ke ʻano o ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa reverse osmosis, i hoʻohana ʻia i nā kūlana ʻaʻole koʻikoʻi ka maʻemaʻe o ka wai i mālama ʻia. He kūpono ka Nanofiltration no ka mālama ʻana i ka wai maikaʻi a me ka wai ʻili. He kūpono ka Nanofiltration no nā ʻōnaehana mālama wai ʻaʻole koi i nā helu desalination kiʻekiʻe e like me ka reverse osmosis, akā loaʻa ka mana kiʻekiʻe e wehe i nā ʻāpana paʻakikī, i kekahi manawa i kapa ʻia ʻo "nā membrane palupalu." ʻO nā ʻōnaehana nanofiltration he haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa a haʻahaʻa ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka ikehu ma mua o kā lākou ʻōnaehana reverse osmosis.

5.He aha ka hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale i ka ʻenehana membrane?

ʻO Reverse osmosis ka ʻenehana kānana wai kūpono loa i kēia manawa. Hoʻopaʻa nā membrane osmosis hoʻohuli i nā molekole inorganic e like me nā paʻakai hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia a me nā mea kūlohelohe me ka nui o ke kaumaha ma mua o 100. Ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe, hiki i nā molekala wai ke hele manuahi i nā membrane osmosis hoʻohuli, a ʻo ka maʻamau o ka wehe ʻana o nā paʻakai hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia he> 95-99%. Mai ka 7 bar (100 psi) no ka wai paʻakai a hiki i ka 69 bar (1000 psi) no ka wai kai. Hiki i ka Nanofiltration ke wehe i nā haumia i loko o nā ʻāpana ma 1nm (10A) a me nā mea kūlohelohe me ke kaumaha molekala ma mua o 200-400. ʻO ka 20-98% ka wehe ʻana o nā mea paʻa paʻa. ʻO ka 20-80% ka lawe ʻana o nā paʻakai i loaʻa nā anion monovalent (e like me NaCl a i ʻole CaCl2), aʻo nā paʻakai i loaʻa nā anion divalent (e like me MgSO4) ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o 90-98%. He hopena kaʻawale ka Ultrafiltration i nā macromolecules nui aʻe ma mua o 100-1000 angstroms (0.01-0.1 micrometers). Hiki i nā paʻakai hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia a me nā molekole liʻiliʻi ke hele i loko o nā membrane ultrafiltration, a ʻo nā mea hiki ke hoʻoneʻe ʻia he colloids, proteins, microorganisms, a me macromolecular organic matter. ʻO ka paona molecular paʻa o ka hapa nui o nā membrane ultrafiltration mai 1000 a 100000. ʻO ka nui o ka wehe ʻana o ka ʻāpana e ka microfiltration ma kahi o 0.1-1 micrometers. ʻO ka maʻamau, hiki ke hoʻopaʻa ʻia nā paʻa paʻa a me nā ʻāpana ʻāpana nui e hana i nā molekala nui a me nā paʻakai hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia.